Investigating the prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Clostridium difficile in local and industrial chicken and turkey meat in sales centers of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province.

Subject Areas : Food Hygiene

akbar ansariyan barezi ¹ (Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran)
Amir Shakerian ² (1Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran)
ebrahim rahimi ³ (Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran)
zahra esfandiyari ⁴ (Nutrition and Food Security Research Center Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran)

Received: 2023-09-02 Accepted : 2023-11-11 Published : 2023-09-23

Keywords: Genetic variation, Antibiotic resistance, polymerase chain reaction, Poultry meat, Clostridius Difficile,

Abstract :

Clostridium difficile is an obligate anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium with a length of 3-5 micrometers and most important enteropathogens in humans and livestock. Antibiotic use has been introduced as one of the most important risk factors in the spread of this disease. Antibiotics such as amoxicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, linozoid, metopenem, metronidazole, amoxifloxacin, penicillin, pyracillin, tetracycline, and vancomycin have been introduced as common cases of "nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection". The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and genetic diversity of Clostridium difficile bacteria as a possible new foodborne pathogen in 300 domestic and industrial chicken and turkey meat samples in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. The samples were grown in CDMN agar culture medium after an enrichment step to isolate Clostridium difficile. To determine the characteristics of the toxin, tcdA and tcdB genes were identified through multiplex PCR. The antibiotic sensitivity of these isolates was monitored based on the MIC test. The results showed that the highest prevalence was related to native chicken meat (5.6%) and the lowest prevalence was related to industrial turkey meat (1%). The genes responsible for the production of tcdB and tcdA toxins were observed in all Clostridium difficile isolates. Also, the highest resistance was related to erythromycin (14.85%) and the lowest resistance was related to vancomycin (97.38%). According to the isolation of two main genes causing hospital infection in clinical environments in the present study, the establishment of health systems in relation to the storage of the studied meats is necessary..

References:

• Attia, A.E.T. (2021). Retail chikcen meats as potential sources of Clostridioides difficile in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 15(7): 972-978.


• Bingol, E.B., Hampikyan, H. and Muratoglu, K. (2020). Characterization and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Clostridioides (Clostridium) diffiicle isolated from chicken carcasses. Journal of Veterinary Research, 64(3), p. 407.


• Dupuy, B., Govind, R., Antunes, A. and Matamouros, S. (2008). Clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is negatively regulated by TcdC. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 57(6): 685–689.


• Esfandiari, Z., Jalali, M. and Ezzatpanah, H. (2014). Occurrence of Clostridium difficile in seasoned hamburgers and seven processing plants in Iran. BMC Microbiology, 14(1): 1-7.


• Esfandiari, Z., Shoaei, P., Vakiki, B., Farajzadegan, Z., Tarrahi, M., and Emami, Z. (2016). Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Clostridioides (Clostridium Difficile) in Meat and Meat Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 42(1): 36.


• Harvey, R.B., Norman, K. N., Andrews, K., Norby, B., Hume, M. E., Scanlan, C. M., et al. (2011). Clostridium difficile in retail meat and processing plants in Texas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 23(4): 807-811.


• Hussain, P., Borah, R., and Sharma, K. (2016). Molecular characteristics of Clostridium difficile isolates from human and animals in the North Eastern region of India. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 30(5): 306–311.


• Heise, J., Witt, P., Maneck, C., Wichmann-Schauer, H., and Maurischat, S. (2021). Prevalence and phylogenetic relationship of Clostridioides difficile strains in fresh poultry meat samples processed in different cutting plants. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 339: 109032.


• Weese, J. (2010). Clostridium difficile in food --innocent bystander or serious threat? Clinical Microbiology Infection, 16(1): 3–10.


• Weese, J.S., Reid-Smith, R.J., Avery, B.P., and Rousseau, J. (2010). Detection and characterization ofClostridium difficilein retail chicken, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 50(4): 362–365.


• Bakri, M. (2018). Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in raw cow, sheep, and goat meat in Jazan, Saudi Arabia,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(4): 783–785.


• Crobach, M.J.T., Vernon, J.J., and Loo V.G. (2018). Understanding Clostridium difficile colonization, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 31(2): e00021.


• Muratoglu, K., Akkaya, E., Hampikyan, H., et al. (2020). Detection, Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile in Meat Products. Food Science of Animal Resources, 40(4): 578.


• Abu Faddan, N.H., Aly, S.A., and Abou Faddan, H.H. (2016). Nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in Assiut University Children's Hospital, Egypt,” Paediatrics and International Child Health, 36(1): 39–44.


• Razmyar, J., Jamshidi, A., Khanzadi, S., et al. (2017). Toxigenic Clostridium difficile in retail packed chicken meat and broiler flocks in northeastern Iran. Iranian J Vet Res, 18(4): 271.


• Parisa, S., Hasan, K., Farzin, S., et al. (2019). Molecular epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in Iranian hospitals,” Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 8(12): 1–7.


• Lemee, L., Dhalluin, A., Testelin, S., Mattrat, M.A., Maillard, K., Lemeland, J.F., et al. (2004). Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (triose phosphate isomerase), tcdA (toxin A), and tcdB (toxin B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 42 (12): 5710-5714.


• Sholeh, M., Krutova, M., Forouzesh, M., et al. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile derived from humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 9(1): 1–11.


• Simang, C. (2006). Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in the environment in a rural community in Zimbabwe. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 100(12): 1146-1150.


• Waqas, M., Mohib, K., Saleem, A., et al. (2022). Rifaximin therapy for patients with metronidazole-unresponsive Clostridium difficile infection. Infection. Cureus, 14(4): e24140.


• World Health Organization. (2000). World Health Organization report on infectious diseases. Overcoming antimicrobial resistance (https://www.who.int/teams/integrated-health-services/clinical-services-and-systems/surgical-care/infectious-diseases).