Contamination rate of ochratoxin A in rice on Isfahan retail market

Subject Areas : Food Science and Technology

ابراهیم Rahimi ¹ , امیر Shakerian ² , محسن Jafarian ³ , محمد Kajbafi ⁴

1 - Associate Professor of Food Hygiene Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
2 - Associate Professor of Food Hygiene Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor of Clinical Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
4 - Graduated of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.

Received: 2012-04-09 Accepted : 2012-09-30 Published : 2012-05-21

Keywords: Rice, mycotoxins, Elisa, Ochratoxin A,

Abstract :

   Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that possess a risk to human health due to its nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic consequences. This study was undertaken to determine the presence and levels of OTA in different types of rice distributed in Isfahan.  For this, a total sample of 120 from 8 various types of rice was obtained from retail markets of Isfahan. Using ELISA method the samples were analyzed for the presence and contamination level of OTA. According to the kit manufacturer’s instruction, the recovery percentage of OTA in spiked rice samples at concentration of 5 ng/g was estimated at 84.9% and the detection limits for OTA was 0.625 ng/g. Analytical results showed a frequency of contamination of 20.8% of total rice samples. Levels of OTA in positive samples ranged from 1.07 to 10.83 ng/g and the average contamination level of samples was estimated at 3.5 ng/g. Among the samples, 3.3% were exceeded the permissible limits of 5 ng/g set by the European Regulations for OTA in cereals. According to the results, the daily intake of OTA via contaminated rice was estimated at 5.6 ng/kg bw/day. 

References:

• Aydin, A., Aksu, H. and Gunsen, U. (2011). Mycotoxin levels and incidence of mould in Turkish rice. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 178: 271-280.


• Baydar, T., Engin, A.B., Girgin, G., Aydin, S. and Sahin, G. (2005). Aflatoxin and ochratoxin in various types of commonly consumed retail ground samples in Ankara, Turkey. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 12: 193-197.


• European Commission Regulation. (2006). Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. No. 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006. Official Journal of the European Union L364, 5-24.


• Feizy, J., Beheshti, H.R.,  Fakoor Janati, S.S. and Khoshbakht Fahim, N. (2011). Survey of ochratoxin A in rice from Iran using affinity column cleanup and HPLC with fluorescence detection. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, 4: (1) 67-70.


• IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer. (1993). Some Naturally Occurring Substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 56: 489-521.


• Ghali, R., Hmaissia-khlifa, K., Ghorbel, H., Maaroufi, K. and Hedili, A. (2008). Incidence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in Tunisian foods. Food Control, 19: 921-924.


• Gonzalez, L., Juan, C., Soriano, J.M., Moltó, J.C. and Mañes, J. (2006). Occurrence and daily intake of ochratoxin A of organic and non-organic rice and rice products. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 107: 223-227.

 

• Hadian, Z., Yazdanpanah, H., Azizi, M.H., Seyedahmaian, F., Kooshki, M.R., Hosseini, M., Mortezaee, G.R., Shojaee, F. and khoshgozaran, S. (2009). Occurrence of ochratoxin A in rice sold in chain stores in Tehran. (2007). Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, 4(2): 53-59.


• JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (2001). Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Prepared by the 56^th Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Food Additives Series No.47. Geneva.


• Jorgensen, K. and Jacobsen, J.S. (2002). Occurrence of ochratoxin A in Danish wheat and rye, 1992-1999. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19: 1184-1189.


• Juan, C., Moltó, J.C., Lino, C.M. and Mañes, J. (2008). Determination of ochratoxin A in organic and non-organic cereals and cereal products from Spain and Portugal. Food Chemistry, 107: 525-530.


• Karin, A., Gunnar, J. and Karl, H. (1998). Ochratoxin A in rice cultivars after inoculation of Penicillium Verrucosum. Natural Toxins, 6: 73-84.


• Monaci, L. and Palmisano, F.(2004). Determination of ochratoxin A in foods: State-of-the-art and analytical challenges. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 378: 96-103.


• Nguyen, M.T., Tozlovanu, M., Tran, T.L. and Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. (2007). Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in five provinces of the central region of Vietnam. Food Chemistry, 105: 42-47.


• Pena, A., Cerejo, F., Lino, C. and Silveira, I. (2005). Determination of ochratoxin A in Portuguese rice samples by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 382: 1288-1293.


• Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. and Manderville, R.A. (2007). Ochratoxin A: an overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 51: 61-99.


• Reddy, K.R.N., Reddy, C.S. and Muralidharan, K. (2007). Exploration of ochratoxin A contamination and its management in rice. American Journal of Plant Physiology, 2: 206-213.


• Ringot, D., Lerzy, B., Bonhoure, J.P., Auclair, E., Oriol, E. and Larondelle, Y. (2005). Effect of temperature on in vitro ochratoxin A biosorption onto yeast cell derivatives. Process Biochemistry, 40: 3008-3016.


• Rizzo, A., Eskola, M. and Atroshi, F. (2002). Ochratoxin A in cereals, foodstuffs and human plasma. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108(7): 631-637.


• Salem, N.M. and Ahmad, R. (2010). Mycotoxins in food from Jordan: Preliminary survey. Food Control, 21: 1099-1103.


• Scudamore, KA., Patel, S. and Breeze, V. (1999). Surveillance of stored grain fromthe 1997 harvest in the United Kingdom for ochratoxin A. Food Additives Contaminants, 16: 281-290.


• Vega, M., Muñoz, k., Sepúlveda, C., Aranda, M., Campos, V., Villegas, R. and Villarroel, O. (2009). Solid-phase extraction and HPLC determination of ochratoxin A in cereals products on Chilean market. Food Control, 20: 631-634.


• Zaied, C., Abid, S., Zorgui, L., Bouaziz, C., Chouchane, S., Jomaa, M. and Bacha, H. (2009). Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A in Tunisian cereals. Food Control, 20: 218-222.


• Zinedine, A., Soriano, J.M., Juan, C., Mojemmi, B., Molto, J.C., Bouklouze, A., Cherrah, Y., Idrissi, L., El Aouad, R. and Manes, J. (2007). Incidence of ochratoxin A in rice and dried fruits from Rabat and Sale area, Morocco. Food Additives and Contaminants, 24: 285-291.