Levels and health risk assessment of As and Zn in Shirazi thyme, sweet violet, pennyroyal and jujube marketed in Hamedan City
Subject Areas :
Food Science and Technology
M. Karimi
1
(M.Sc. Graduate in Environmental Sciences, Department of the Environment, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran)
L. Tayebi
2
(. Assistant professor, Department of the Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran)
S. Sobhanardakani
3
(Associate Professor, Department of the Environment, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran)
Received: 2015-10-01
Accepted : 2016-10-15
Published : 2017-02-19
Keywords:
Heavy metal,
Medicinal plant,
Food Safety,
Health risk,
Abstract :
The use of medicinal herbs plays a vital role in improving the health of human society. Since the plants are the most important transmission route of heavy metals into human food chain and biological cycles, this study was conducted to assess the health risk of concentration of As and Zn in Shirazi thyme, sweet viola, pennyroyal and jujube marketed in Hamedan City during 2015. After preparation of 3 samples of each medicinal plant, the samples were digested in acid according to the standard methods. The concentration of each element in the samples was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in 3 replicates. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical package. The results showed that the maximum mean concentrations of As and Zn were 0.035±0.026 and 1880±520 µg/kg related to thyme and viola, respectively. The results of health index for all samples were found lower than one. Moreover, the mean concentration of As and Zn in all samples were lower than WHO permissible limits. Although controlled consumption of medicinal plants has not adverse effect on the consumers’ health, concerning to the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the long-term, regular periodic monitoring of chemical pollutants content especially heavy metals in medicinal plants are recommended for food safety.
References:
Ahmed, K., Mehedi, Y., Haque, R. and Mondol, P. (2011). Heavy metal concentrations in some macrobenthic fauna of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, south west coast of Bangladesh. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177(1-4): 505–514.
Akter, K.F., Owens, G., Davey, D.E. and Naidu, R. (2005). Arsenic speciation and toxicity in biological systems. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 184: 97–149.
Amouei, A., Naddafi, K. and Mahvi, A. (2012). The effect of chemical additives on the uptake and accumulation of Pb and Cd in native plants of north of Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 21(86): 116–124 [In Persian].
Apau, J., Acheampong, A., Appiah, J.A. and Ansong, E. (2014). Levels and health risk assessment of heavy metals in tubers from markets in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana. International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(9): 534–539.
Asgari, H., Motesharezadeh, B., Savaghebi, G.R. and Hadiyan, J. (2015). Effect of copper and zinc on growth characteristics, concentration of some mineral elements and translocation capacities of elements into infusion and decoction of dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica F. & C.M) under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 6(22): 145–161 [In Persian].
Ata, S., Pirrone, N., Tayyab, S. and Rasool, A. (2013). Analysis of non-volatile toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn) in Allium sativum (Garlic) and soil samples, collected from different locations of Punjab, Pakistan by atomic absorption spectroscopy. E3S Web of Conferences, 1(6): 26–34.
Ayotte, J.D., Montgomery, D.L., Flanagan, S.M. and Robinson, K.W. (2003). Arsenic in groundwater in eastern New England, occurrence, controls, and human health implications. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(10): 2075–2083.
Babel, S. and Opiso, E.M. (2007). Removal of Cr from synthetic wastewater by sorption into Volcanic Ash soil. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(1): 99–107.
Bqye, H. and Hymete, A. (2013). Levels of heavy metals in common medicinal plants collected from environmentally different sites. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 13(7): 938–943.
Cheraghi, M., Mosavinia, S.M. and Lorestani, B. (2013). Heavy metal contamination in soil and some medicinal plant species in Ahangaran lead-zinc mine, Iran. Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research, 1(1): 29–34.
Dolatkhahi, M., Dolatkhahi, A. and Bagher Nejad, J. (2014). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in Arjan–Parishan protected area in Fars Province of Iran. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4(6): 402–412.
Dzomba, P., Chayamiti, T. and Togarepi, E. (2012). Heavy metal content of selected raw medicinal plant materials. Implication for patient health, Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 1(10): 28–33.
Falco, G., Ilobet, J., Bocio, A. and Domingo, J. (2006). Daily intake of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead by consumption of edible marine species. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 54: 6106–6112.
Fu, Q.L., Liu, Y., Li, L. and Achal, V. (2014). A survey on the heavy metal contents in Chinese traditional egg products and their potential health risk assessment. Food Additives and Contaminants, Part B, 7(2): 99–105.
Hosseini, S.V., Aflaki, F., Sobhanardakani, S., Tayebi, L., Babakhani Lashkan, A. and Regenstein, J.M. (2013). Analysis of mercury, selenium and tin concentrations in canned fish marketed in Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(8): 6407–6412.
Hussain, I., Khan, F., Khan, I., Khan, L. and Wali-Ullah. (2006). Determination of heavy metals in medicinal plants. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 28(4): 347–351.
Iwegbue, C.M.A. (2011). Concentrations of selected metals in candies and chocolates consumed in southern Nigeria. Food Additives and Contaminants, Part B, 4(1): 22–27.
Jack, N.G,, Wang, J. and Shraim, A. (2003). A global health problem caused by arsenic from natural sources. Chemosphere, 52(9): 1353–1359.
Kafilzadeh, F. and Chittaei, M. (2014). Investigation of growth rate, resistance, and zinc elimination ability of resistant bacteria isolated from water and sediment of Karun River. Journal of Health, 5(2): 103–114 [In Persian].
Karami, M., Afyuni, M., Rezaee Nejad, Y. and Khosh Goftarmanesh, A. (2009). Cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge on zinc and copper concentration in soil and wheat. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 12(46): 639–654 [In Persian].
Karbasi, M., Karbasi, E., Saremi, A. and Ghorbani Zade Kharazi, H. (2010). Determination of heavy metals concentration in drinking water resources of Aleshtar in 2009. Yafteh, 12(1): 65–70 [In Persian].
Lokhande, R., Singare, P. and Andhale, M. (2010). Study on mineral content of some ayurvedic indian medicinal plants by instrumental neutron activation analysis and AAS techniques. Health Science Journal, 4(3): 247–253.
Mandal, L.N. and Haldar, M. (1980). Influence of phosphorus and zinc application on the availability of zinc, copper, iron, manganese and phosphorus in waterlogged rice soils. Soil Science, 130(5): 251–257.
Mousavi, S.R., Balali-Mood, M., Riahi-Zanjani, B., Yousefzadeh, H. and Sadeghi, M. (2013). Concentration of mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic and aluminum in irrigation water wells and wastewaters used for agriculture in Mashhad, northeastern Iran. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 4(2): 80–86.
Omar, W.A., Zaghloul, K.H., Abdel-Khalek, A.A. and Abo-Hegab, S. (2013). Risk assessment and toxic effects of metal pollution in two cultured and wild fish species from highly degraded aquatic habitats. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 65(4): 753–764.
Rehman, A., Farhan, S., Iqbal, T., Ayaz, S. and Rehman, H.U. (2013). Investigations of heavy metals in different medicinal plants. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(8): 72–74.
SenGupta, A.K. (2001). Environmental separation of heavy metals. Engineering Processes. CRC Press, Washington, DC, pp. 202–204.
Shah, A., Niaz, A., Ullah, N., Rehman, A., Akhlaq, M., Zakir, M. and Suleman Khan, M. (2013). Comparative study of heavy metals in soil and selected medicinal plants. Journal of Chemistry, 2013: 1–5.
Sobhanardakani, S., Talebiani, S. and Maanijou, M. (2014). Evaluation of As, Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations in groundwater resources of Toyserkan Plain and preparing the zoning map using GIS. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 24(114): 120–129 [In Persian].
Subrahmanyam, K., Nair, A.K., Chattopadhyay, A. and Singh, D.V. (1991). Effect of zinc on yield, quality and nutrient composition of Japanese mint and availability of nutrients in soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 39(2): 399–401.
Tandon, H.L.S. (1999). Micronutrients in Soils, Crops, and Fertilizers. Fertilizer Development and Consultation Organization, New Delhi, India p. 248.
Tang, W., Cheng, J., Zhao, W. and Wang, W. (2015). Mercury levels and estimated total daily intakes for children and adults from an electronic waste recycling area in Taizhou, China: Key role of rice and fish consumption. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 34: 107–115.
Taniguchi, H., Suzuki, K., Fujisaka, S. Honda, R., Abo, H., Miyazawa, H., Noto, H. and Izumi, S. (2003). Diffuse alveolar damage after inhalation of zinc oxide fumes. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi., 41(7): 447–450.
Trehan, S.P. and Sekhon, G.S. (1977). Effect of clay, organic matter and CaCO3 content on zinc adsorption by soils. Plant and Soil, 46(2): 329–336.
Turkmen, M., Turkmen, A., Tepe, Y., Tore, Y. and Ates, A. (2009). Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Food Chemistry, 113: 233–237.
Weckx, J.E.J. and Clijsters, H. (1997). Zn phytotoxicity induces oxidative stress in primary leaves of phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 35(5): 405–410.
World Health Organization, (2005). Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials, WHO, Geneva. Switzerland.
Yim, J.H., Kim, K.W. and Kim, S.D. (2006). Effects of hardness on acute toxicity of metal mixtures using Daphnia magna, prediction of acid mine drainage toxicity. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 138(1): 16–21.
Zhu, F., Wang, X. and Fan, W. (2013). Assessment of potential health risk for arsenic and heavy metals in some herbal flowers and their infusions consumed in China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 3909–3916.
_||_
Ahmed, K., Mehedi, Y., Haque, R. and Mondol, P. (2011). Heavy metal concentrations in some macrobenthic fauna of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, south west coast of Bangladesh. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177(1-4): 505–514.
Akter, K.F., Owens, G., Davey, D.E. and Naidu, R. (2005). Arsenic speciation and toxicity in biological systems. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 184: 97–149.
Amouei, A., Naddafi, K. and Mahvi, A. (2012). The effect of chemical additives on the uptake and accumulation of Pb and Cd in native plants of north of Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 21(86): 116–124 [In Persian].
Apau, J., Acheampong, A., Appiah, J.A. and Ansong, E. (2014). Levels and health risk assessment of heavy metals in tubers from markets in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana. International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(9): 534–539.
Asgari, H., Motesharezadeh, B., Savaghebi, G.R. and Hadiyan, J. (2015). Effect of copper and zinc on growth characteristics, concentration of some mineral elements and translocation capacities of elements into infusion and decoction of dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica F. & C.M) under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, 6(22): 145–161 [In Persian].
Ata, S., Pirrone, N., Tayyab, S. and Rasool, A. (2013). Analysis of non-volatile toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn) in Allium sativum (Garlic) and soil samples, collected from different locations of Punjab, Pakistan by atomic absorption spectroscopy. E3S Web of Conferences, 1(6): 26–34.
Ayotte, J.D., Montgomery, D.L., Flanagan, S.M. and Robinson, K.W. (2003). Arsenic in groundwater in eastern New England, occurrence, controls, and human health implications. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(10): 2075–2083.
Babel, S. and Opiso, E.M. (2007). Removal of Cr from synthetic wastewater by sorption into Volcanic Ash soil. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(1): 99–107.
Bqye, H. and Hymete, A. (2013). Levels of heavy metals in common medicinal plants collected from environmentally different sites. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 13(7): 938–943.
Cheraghi, M., Mosavinia, S.M. and Lorestani, B. (2013). Heavy metal contamination in soil and some medicinal plant species in Ahangaran lead-zinc mine, Iran. Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research, 1(1): 29–34.
Dolatkhahi, M., Dolatkhahi, A. and Bagher Nejad, J. (2014). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in Arjan–Parishan protected area in Fars Province of Iran. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4(6): 402–412.
Dzomba, P., Chayamiti, T. and Togarepi, E. (2012). Heavy metal content of selected raw medicinal plant materials. Implication for patient health, Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 1(10): 28–33.
Falco, G., Ilobet, J., Bocio, A. and Domingo, J. (2006). Daily intake of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead by consumption of edible marine species. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 54: 6106–6112.
Fu, Q.L., Liu, Y., Li, L. and Achal, V. (2014). A survey on the heavy metal contents in Chinese traditional egg products and their potential health risk assessment. Food Additives and Contaminants, Part B, 7(2): 99–105.
Hosseini, S.V., Aflaki, F., Sobhanardakani, S., Tayebi, L., Babakhani Lashkan, A. and Regenstein, J.M. (2013). Analysis of mercury, selenium and tin concentrations in canned fish marketed in Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(8): 6407–6412.
Hussain, I., Khan, F., Khan, I., Khan, L. and Wali-Ullah. (2006). Determination of heavy metals in medicinal plants. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 28(4): 347–351.
Iwegbue, C.M.A. (2011). Concentrations of selected metals in candies and chocolates consumed in southern Nigeria. Food Additives and Contaminants, Part B, 4(1): 22–27.
Jack, N.G,, Wang, J. and Shraim, A. (2003). A global health problem caused by arsenic from natural sources. Chemosphere, 52(9): 1353–1359.
Kafilzadeh, F. and Chittaei, M. (2014). Investigation of growth rate, resistance, and zinc elimination ability of resistant bacteria isolated from water and sediment of Karun River. Journal of Health, 5(2): 103–114 [In Persian].
Karami, M., Afyuni, M., Rezaee Nejad, Y. and Khosh Goftarmanesh, A. (2009). Cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge on zinc and copper concentration in soil and wheat. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 12(46): 639–654 [In Persian].
Karbasi, M., Karbasi, E., Saremi, A. and Ghorbani Zade Kharazi, H. (2010). Determination of heavy metals concentration in drinking water resources of Aleshtar in 2009. Yafteh, 12(1): 65–70 [In Persian].
Lokhande, R., Singare, P. and Andhale, M. (2010). Study on mineral content of some ayurvedic indian medicinal plants by instrumental neutron activation analysis and AAS techniques. Health Science Journal, 4(3): 247–253.
Mandal, L.N. and Haldar, M. (1980). Influence of phosphorus and zinc application on the availability of zinc, copper, iron, manganese and phosphorus in waterlogged rice soils. Soil Science, 130(5): 251–257.
Mousavi, S.R., Balali-Mood, M., Riahi-Zanjani, B., Yousefzadeh, H. and Sadeghi, M. (2013). Concentration of mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic and aluminum in irrigation water wells and wastewaters used for agriculture in Mashhad, northeastern Iran. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 4(2): 80–86.
Omar, W.A., Zaghloul, K.H., Abdel-Khalek, A.A. and Abo-Hegab, S. (2013). Risk assessment and toxic effects of metal pollution in two cultured and wild fish species from highly degraded aquatic habitats. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 65(4): 753–764.
Rehman, A., Farhan, S., Iqbal, T., Ayaz, S. and Rehman, H.U. (2013). Investigations of heavy metals in different medicinal plants. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(8): 72–74.
SenGupta, A.K. (2001). Environmental separation of heavy metals. Engineering Processes. CRC Press, Washington, DC, pp. 202–204.
Shah, A., Niaz, A., Ullah, N., Rehman, A., Akhlaq, M., Zakir, M. and Suleman Khan, M. (2013). Comparative study of heavy metals in soil and selected medicinal plants. Journal of Chemistry, 2013: 1–5.
Sobhanardakani, S., Talebiani, S. and Maanijou, M. (2014). Evaluation of As, Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations in groundwater resources of Toyserkan Plain and preparing the zoning map using GIS. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 24(114): 120–129 [In Persian].
Subrahmanyam, K., Nair, A.K., Chattopadhyay, A. and Singh, D.V. (1991). Effect of zinc on yield, quality and nutrient composition of Japanese mint and availability of nutrients in soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 39(2): 399–401.
Tandon, H.L.S. (1999). Micronutrients in Soils, Crops, and Fertilizers. Fertilizer Development and Consultation Organization, New Delhi, India p. 248.
Tang, W., Cheng, J., Zhao, W. and Wang, W. (2015). Mercury levels and estimated total daily intakes for children and adults from an electronic waste recycling area in Taizhou, China: Key role of rice and fish consumption. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 34: 107–115.
Taniguchi, H., Suzuki, K., Fujisaka, S. Honda, R., Abo, H., Miyazawa, H., Noto, H. and Izumi, S. (2003). Diffuse alveolar damage after inhalation of zinc oxide fumes. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi., 41(7): 447–450.
Trehan, S.P. and Sekhon, G.S. (1977). Effect of clay, organic matter and CaCO3 content on zinc adsorption by soils. Plant and Soil, 46(2): 329–336.
Turkmen, M., Turkmen, A., Tepe, Y., Tore, Y. and Ates, A. (2009). Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Food Chemistry, 113: 233–237.
Weckx, J.E.J. and Clijsters, H. (1997). Zn phytotoxicity induces oxidative stress in primary leaves of phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 35(5): 405–410.
World Health Organization, (2005). Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials, WHO, Geneva. Switzerland.
Yim, J.H., Kim, K.W. and Kim, S.D. (2006). Effects of hardness on acute toxicity of metal mixtures using Daphnia magna, prediction of acid mine drainage toxicity. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 138(1): 16–21.
Zhu, F., Wang, X. and Fan, W. (2013). Assessment of potential health risk for arsenic and heavy metals in some herbal flowers and their infusions consumed in China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 3909–3916.
