Evaluation of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu concentrations in wheat and bread consumed in Hamedan city
Subject Areas : Food Science and TechnologyS. Kianpoor 1 , سهیل Sobhanardakani 2
1 - M.Sc. Graduate of Environmental Science, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
2 - Associate Professor, Department of the Environment, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
Keywords: Heavy metal, Wheat, Bread, Hamedan,
Abstract :
Due to an increase of environmental pollutants and their consequences entry in foods, studies on the types of pollution in different food types become of high importance. The present study was carried out to assess Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu contents in wheat and bread of Hamedan City during 2015. For this purpose, 4 wheat farms and 4 bakeries (Lavash, Barbari, Sangak and French bread types) were selected for sampling. After acid-digestion method, the concentrations of the metals were determined using ICP-OES in 3 replications. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package. Results showed that the mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu in the bread samples were 5.47 ± 2.48, 0.06 ± 0.04, 0.92 ± 0.36 and 1.57 ± 0.14, respectively. The mean concentration of these metals (mg/kg) in the wheat samples were 4.93 ± 1.34, 0.17 ± 0.16, 0.92 ± 0.55 and 1.02 ± 0.31, respectively. Also comparing of the mean concentrations of metals with WHO permissible limits it was revealed that the mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cu were lower than permissible limits, meanwhile concentrations of Cd was higher than permissible limits. It seems that excessive using of agricultural inputs and application of sewage sludge and wastewater for irrigation could be the main reason for the high concentrations of heavy metals in agricultural products and could have public health consequences.
_||_
• Abdollahi, M., Mohammadi, F., Houshiar-Rad, A., HajiFaragi, M. and Esfarjani, F. (2011). Shares of energy and nutrients intake from subsidized food items in Iranian households in different socio-economic status. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, 6(1): 43–56. [In Persian]
• Alam, M.G., Snow, E.T. and Tanaka, A. (2003). Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown in Samta village, Bangladesh. Science of the Total Environment, 308(1-3): 83–96.
• Apau, J., Acheampong, A., Appiah, J.A. and Ansong, E. (2014). Levels and health risk assessment of heavy metals in tubers from markets in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana. International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(9): 534–539.
• Bahmanyar, M.A. (2008). The impact of use of wastewater in crops irrigation on some heavy metals content in soil and plants. Journal of Environmental Studies, 44: 19–26. [In Persian]
• Beigi Harchegani, H.and Banitalebi G. (2013). The effect of twenty-three years of surface irrigation with treated municipality wastewater on soil loadings, transfer to wheat and corn grains, and related health risks of some heavy metals.Journal of Water and Soil, 27(3): 570–580. [In Persian]
• Bigdeli, M., Seilsepour, M. (2008). Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 4(1): 86–92.
• Dobaradaran, S., Afrasyabi, E., Sobhani T. and Khorsand, M. (2013). Investigation of Cd, Co and Cu in cultivated wheat and consumed rice in Bushehr City. 16thNational Conference on Environmental Health, Tabriz, Iran, p. 2. [In Persian]
• Fathi, G. and Enayat Gholozadeh, M.R. (2009). The effect of Fe, Zn and Cu micronutrient fertilizers on the growth and function of barley varieties on weather conditions of Khozestan Province, Crop Physiology Journal, 1(1): 26–39. [In Persian]
• Fu, Q.L., Liu, Y., Li, L. and Achal, V. (2014). A survey on the heavy metal contents in Chinese traditional egg products and their potential health risk assessment. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance, 7(2): 99–105.
• Golshahi, A. (2010). Spatial distribution of Cd, Zn and V in surface soil and their accumulation in a number of agricultural crops in Hamedan Province. M.Sc. Thesis, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran. [In Persian]
• Gracey, J.F., Collins, D.S. and Huey, R.J. (1999). Meat Hygiene. 10th Edition. New York, WB Saunders & Co.
• Harmankaya, M., Ozcan, M.M. and Gezgin, S. (2012). Variation of heavy metal and micro and macro element concentrations of bread and durum wheats and their relationship in grain of Turkish wheat cultivars. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(9): 5511–5521.
• Hodgson, E. (2010). A Textbook of Modern Toxicology, 4th Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New Jersey, p. 672.
• Iwegbue, C.M.A. (2011). Concentrations of selected metals in candies and chocolates consumed in southern Nigeria. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance, 4(1): 22–27.
• Jahed Khaniki, G.R., Yunesian, M., Mahvi, A.H. and Nazmara, Sh. (2005). Trace metal contaminants in Iranian flat breads. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences, 1(4): 301–303.
• Jawad, I. and Allafaji, S.H. (2012). The levels of trace metals contaminants in wheat grains, flours and breads in Iraq. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(10): 88–92.
• JECFA. (2003). Summary and conclusions of the 61st Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. JECFA/61/Sc: Rome, Italy.
• Kabata-Pendias, A. (2010). Trace elements in soils and plants (Fourth Edition). CRC Press, New York, p. 548.
• Karami, M., Afyuni, M., Rezaee Nejad, Y. and Khosh Goftarmanesh, A. (2009). Cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge on zinc and copper concentration in soil and wheat. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 12(46): 639–654. [In Persian]
• Khab Nadideh, S., Mokhari Fard, A., Nam Avar Jahromi, B. and Malek Pour, M.B. (2004). Determination of Pb content in bread components of region 5 of Shiraz City in 2001. Hakim Health Systems Research Journal, 7(2): 17–21. [In Persian]
• Kirchmann, H., Mattsson, L. and Eriksson, J. (2009). Trace element concentration in wheat grain: results from the Swedish long-term soil fertility experiments and national monitoring program. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31(5): 561–571.
• Li, P., Wang, X., Zhang, T., Zhou, D. He, Y. (2008). Effect of several amendments on rice growth and uptake of copper and cadmium from a contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(4): 449–455.
• Malakouti, M.J. and Davoodi, M.H. (2004). Zinc in Agriculture, "The Forgotten Element in the Life Cycle of Plants, Animals and Humans", Sana Publications, Tehran, p. 220. [In Persian]
• Marschner, H. (2011). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (Third Edition). Academic Press, New York, p. 672.
• Massa, N., Andreucci, F., Poli, M., Aceto, M., Barbato, R and Berta, G. (2010). Screening for heavy metal accumulators amongst autochtonous plants in a polluted site in Italy. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73(8): 1988–1997.
• Mohajer, R., Salehi, M. and Mohammadi, J. (2014). Lead and cadmium concentration in agricultural crops (lettuce, cabbage, beetroot, and onion) of Isfahan Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 7(1): 1–10. [In Persian]
• Mulla, D.J., Page, A.L. and Ganje, T.J. (1980). Cadmium accumulations and bioavailability in soils from long-term phosphorus fertilization. Journal of Environmental Quality, 9(3): 408–412.
• Naghipour, D., Amouei, A. and Nazmara, Sh. (2014). A comparative evaluation of heavy metals in the different breads in Iran: A case study of Rasht City. Health Scope, 3(4): e18175.
• Rahimi, M. (2013). Survey of Cd content and its distribution in predominant soil series under wheat cultivation in the Hamedan province, M.Sc. Thesis, Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran. [In Persian]
• Rahmani, H.R., Kalbasi, M. and Haj Rasouliha, S. (2000). Plant pollution from lead produced by automobile exhaust system near certain high ways of Iran. Journal of Environmental Studies, 26(3): 77–83. [In Persian]
• Samargandi, M.R., Karimpour, M. and Sadri, Gh. (1999). Determination of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated with polluted water to these metals in vicinity of Hamedan City in 1996. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 7(1): 45–53. [in Persian]
• Sobhanardakani, S. and Jafari, S.M. (2014). Assessment of heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) in different tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) caught from Shirinsu Wetland, Western Iran. Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 4(2): 47–54.
• Sobhanardakani, S., Talebiani, S. and Maanijou, M. (2014a). Evaluation of As, Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations in groundwater resources of Toyserkan Plain and preparing the zoning map using GIS. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 24(114): 120–129. [In Persian]
• Sobhanardakani, S., Jamali, S. and Maanijou, M. (2014b). Evaluation of As, Zn, Cr and Mn concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan Plain and preparation of zoning map using GIS. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(2): 25–38. [In Persian]
• Sobhanardakani, M., Maanijou, H. and Asadi, H. (2015). Investigation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Mg concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan Plain. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 21(4): 319–329. [In Persian]
• Stefanovic, V.Z., Filipovic, N.K. and Jovanovic, B.M. (2008). Undesirable metals content in wheat of different wheat varieties. Acta Periodica Technologica, 39: 69–76.
• Turkmen, M., Turkmen, A., Tepe, Y., Tore, Y. and Ates, A. (2009). Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Food Chemistry, 113: 233–237.
• Zhu, F., Wang, X. and Fan, W. (2013). Assessment of potential health risk for arsenic and heavy metals in some herbal flowers and their infusions consumed in China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(5): 3909–3916.
• Zolfaghari, M. (2013). Investigation of heavy metals contents in Barbari, Taftoon and Lavash bread in Tehran City, M.Sc. Thesis, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. [In Persian]
