The effects of Mentha pulegium and Zataria multiflora on growth and carcass specifications and gut microbial count in broiler chickens
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
مسعود Godarzi
1
,
N. Choobkar
2
,
فروغ Mohammadi
3
1 - Msc of Chemistry Engineering, Food Material, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
Received: 2017-07-18
Accepted : 2018-10-17
Published : 2018-12-22
Keywords:
growth,
broiler chicken,
Mentha pulegium,
Microbial count,
Zataria multiflora,
Abstract :
Recently, the use of medicinal plantsas growth promoters, appetizers, immunological boosters and antimicrobial substances has increased in poultry industry. In this regard, the effect of Zataria multifloraand Mentha pulegium on growth characteristics, carcass quality and gut microbial count of broiler chickens were investigated. This research was carried out in a completely randomized design with 120 broiler chickens of Ross strain in 4 different feed treatment groups and 3 replicates consisting of 10 chickens each. The treatment groups consisted of T1 (Control) fed with basic diet (without plants), T2 fed with basic diet containing 200 mg/kg of dried Mentha pulegium, T3 fed with diet containing 200 mg/kg of dried Zataria multiflora and T4 fed with diet containing a mixture of 200 mg/kg dried Zataria multiflora and 200 mg/kg dried Mentha pulegium for 6 weeks. All chickens were weighed weekly and at the end of the experimental period, growth characteristics including carcass weight, thigh weight and breast weight and intestinal microbial total count were measured in each group. The results were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s post-hoc test in SPSS 19. The results showed that the mean weight, the weight of thighs and breasts between treatment groups were not statistically significant but the intestinal bacterial count was decreased by these supplements (p<0.05). The maximum microbial load was observed in the control group (T1). Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of these supplements in chicken feed reduces intestinal microbial counttherefore organic and safe meat production can be expected.
References:
Adibnejad, M.A.B., Mohammadian Tabrizi, H. and Pouralmi M. (2003). The combined effect of powdered peppermint and thyme peppermint on microflora of the digestive tract and the rate of antibody against Newcastle disease in broiler chicks. The 2nd National Conference on Modern Issues in Agriculture. [In Persian]
Amooz mehr, A. and Dastar, B. (2009). Effect of alcohol extract on two medicinal products of garlic and thyme on performance and blood lipids in broiler chickens. Journa of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 6(1): 62-68. [In Persian]
Botsoglou, N.A., Florou-Paner, P., Christaki, E., Fletouris, D.J. and Spais, A.B. (2004). Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. British Poultry Science, 43(2): 223-230.
Basilico, M.Z. and Basilico, J.C. (1999). Inhibitory effects of some spice essential oils on Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174 growth and ochratoxin A production. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 29(4): 238-241.
Borowsky, L.M., Schmidt, V. and Cardoso, M. (2007). Estimation of most probable number of salmonella in minced pork samples. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38(3): 544-546.
Bolukbasi, S.C., Erhan, M.K. and Ozkan, A. (2006). Effect of dietary thyme oil and vitamin E on growth, lipid oxidation, meat fatty acid composition and serum lipoproteins of broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 36(3): 189-196.
Burt, S.A. and Reinders, R.D. (2003). Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157: H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 36(3): 162-167.
Cross, D.E., McDevitt, R.M., Hillman, K. and Acamovis, T. (2007). The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poultry Science, 48(4): 496-506.
Dabir siyaghi, M. and Mohammadi, A. (2005). Antifungal effect of Thymus daenesis essential oil on two strains of Aspergillus fungus and use of antifungal property of this plant in ostrich industry. National Conference on Sustainable Development of Medicinal Plants. Mashhad. [In Persian]
Frankic, T., Voljc, M., Salobir, J. and Rezar, V. (2009). Use of herbs and spieces and their extract in animal nutrition. Acta Argiculture Slovenica, 94(94): 95-102.
FSA (2017). Meat Industry Guide [MIG], Chapter 13: Microbiological criteria. Food Standards Agency, Northern Irland.
Gavanji, S.L.B. and Bakhtari, A. (2014). The effect of extract of Punicagranatum var. pleniflora for treatment of minor recurrentaphthous stomatitis. Integrative Medicine Research, 3(2): 83-90.
Grashorn, M.A. (2010) Use of phytobiotics in broiler nutrition – an alternative to infeed antibiotics? Journal of Animal and Feed Science, 19(3): 338-347.
Griggs, .J.P. and Jacob, J.P. (2005) Alternatives to antibiotics for organic poultry production. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 14(4): 750-756.
Guo, F.C., Williams, B.A., Kwakkel, R.P., Li, H.S., Li, X.P., Luo, J.Y., et al. (2004). Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on the cecal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 83(2): 175-182.
Hajhashemi, V., Sadraei, H., Ghannadi, A.R. and Mohseni, M. (2000). Antispasmodic and anti- diarrhoeal effect of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2): 187-192.
Hertramp, J.W. (2001). Alternative antibacterial performance promoters. Poultry International, 40: 50-52.
Imelouane, B., Amhamdi, H., Wathelet, J.P., Ankit, M., Khedid, K. and El Bachiri, A. (2009). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco. International Journal of Argiculture and Biology, 11(2): 205-208.
Langhout, P. (2000). New additives for broiler chickens. World Poultry, 16(3): 22-27.
Lee, K.W.H., Everts, H.J., Kappert, M., Frehner, R., Losa, R. and Beynen, A.C. (2003). Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44(3): 450-457.
Mitsch, P., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Kohler, B., Gabler, C., Losa, R. and Zimpernik, I. (2004). The effect of two different blends of essential oil components on the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 83(4): 669-675.
Nasiroleslami, M. and Torki, M. (2010) Including essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and ginger (Zingeber Officinale) to diet and evaluating performance of laying hens, white blood cell count and egg quality characteristics. Journal of Advances in Environmental Biology. 4(3): 341-345.
Niemela, S.I., Lee, J.V. and Fricker, C.R. (2003). A comparison of the International Standards Organisation reference method for the detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in water with a defined substrate procedure. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(6): 1285-1292.
Nobakht, A. (2010). Effects of medicinal plants of Thyme, Nettle with Alfalfa on performance, carcass components of blood elements and safety response in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science, 10: 59-72. [In Persian]
Nobakht, A., Rahimzadeh M.R. and Safamehr, R. (2013). Effect of different levels of medicinal herbs of nettle, pune and kakotti in early and growth stages on carcasses and performance of broiler chickens. Proceedings of the 4th Iranian Congress of Animal Sciences, 44. [In Persian]
Pirmohammadi, A., Daneshyar, M. and Farhoomand, P. (2016). Effect of Thymus vulgaris and Mentha pulegium powders on Performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broilers under heat stress condition, Iranian Veterinary Journal, 11(4): 12-25. [In Persian]
Rahbarnia, B., Ya'qubfar, A., Karkudi, K. and Chalntern Nistani, M. (2013). Effect of Thyme essential oil on yield, mortality, acidity and microbial population changes in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science, 101: 37-45. [In Persian]
Rehani Mohassess, A. (2011). Effect of different levels of Mentha and Ajowan on performance andcarcass characteristics of broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 16: 12-18.
Reyesi, M., Safamehr, A.S. Khodaei Ashen, P. and Habibi, P. (2014). Thyme and oregano essences in broiler chickens: effects on performance, antioxidant indicators and blood biochemical parameters. Pajoohesh and Sazandegi. 10(105): 103-120. [In Persian]
Safa, S.E.G. and AL-Beitawi, N.A. (2009). The effect of feeding of crushed thyme (Thymus valgaris) on growth, blood constituents, gastrointestinal tract and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 4(2): 100-104.
Salehi, E., Bahadoran, Sh., Fallah Mehrjerdi, A. and Mohebi, A.N. (2016). Effect of dietary Zataria multiflora on growth performance and caracass oxidation in broiler chikens. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 11(4): 42-51. [In Persian]
Solomakos, N., Govaris, A., Koidis, P. and Botsoglou, N. (2007). The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin, and their combination against Listeria monocytogenes in minced beef during refrigerated storage. Food Microbiology, 25(1): 120-127.
Tekeli, A., Celik, L., Kutlu, H.R. and Gorgulu, M. (2006). Effect of dietary supplemental plant extracts on performance, carcass characteristics, digestive system development, intestinal microflora and some blood parameters of broiler chicks. In XII European Poultry Conference, Italy, pp: 10-14.
Vali Pouri, A., Rahimi, Sh. and Zahraie Salehi, T. (2011). The Effect of Growth Stimulants on the Performance of Challenged Broiler Chicks with Escherichia coli. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 3(2): 95 -104. [In Persian]
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Adibnejad, M.A.B., Mohammadian Tabrizi, H. and Pouralmi M. (2003). The combined effect of powdered peppermint and thyme peppermint on microflora of the digestive tract and the rate of antibody against Newcastle disease in broiler chicks. The 2nd National Conference on Modern Issues in Agriculture. [In Persian]
Amooz mehr, A. and Dastar, B. (2009). Effect of alcohol extract on two medicinal products of garlic and thyme on performance and blood lipids in broiler chickens. Journa of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 6(1): 62-68. [In Persian]
Botsoglou, N.A., Florou-Paner, P., Christaki, E., Fletouris, D.J. and Spais, A.B. (2004). Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. British Poultry Science, 43(2): 223-230.
Basilico, M.Z. and Basilico, J.C. (1999). Inhibitory effects of some spice essential oils on Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174 growth and ochratoxin A production. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 29(4): 238-241.
Borowsky, L.M., Schmidt, V. and Cardoso, M. (2007). Estimation of most probable number of salmonella in minced pork samples. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38(3): 544-546.
Bolukbasi, S.C., Erhan, M.K. and Ozkan, A. (2006). Effect of dietary thyme oil and vitamin E on growth, lipid oxidation, meat fatty acid composition and serum lipoproteins of broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 36(3): 189-196.
Burt, S.A. and Reinders, R.D. (2003). Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157: H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 36(3): 162-167.
Cross, D.E., McDevitt, R.M., Hillman, K. and Acamovis, T. (2007). The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poultry Science, 48(4): 496-506.
Dabir siyaghi, M. and Mohammadi, A. (2005). Antifungal effect of Thymus daenesis essential oil on two strains of Aspergillus fungus and use of antifungal property of this plant in ostrich industry. National Conference on Sustainable Development of Medicinal Plants. Mashhad. [In Persian]
Frankic, T., Voljc, M., Salobir, J. and Rezar, V. (2009). Use of herbs and spieces and their extract in animal nutrition. Acta Argiculture Slovenica, 94(94): 95-102.
FSA (2017). Meat Industry Guide [MIG], Chapter 13: Microbiological criteria. Food Standards Agency, Northern Irland.
Gavanji, S.L.B. and Bakhtari, A. (2014). The effect of extract of Punicagranatum var. pleniflora for treatment of minor recurrentaphthous stomatitis. Integrative Medicine Research, 3(2): 83-90.
Grashorn, M.A. (2010) Use of phytobiotics in broiler nutrition – an alternative to infeed antibiotics? Journal of Animal and Feed Science, 19(3): 338-347.
Griggs, .J.P. and Jacob, J.P. (2005) Alternatives to antibiotics for organic poultry production. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 14(4): 750-756.
Guo, F.C., Williams, B.A., Kwakkel, R.P., Li, H.S., Li, X.P., Luo, J.Y., et al. (2004). Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on the cecal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 83(2): 175-182.
Hajhashemi, V., Sadraei, H., Ghannadi, A.R. and Mohseni, M. (2000). Antispasmodic and anti- diarrhoeal effect of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2): 187-192.
Hertramp, J.W. (2001). Alternative antibacterial performance promoters. Poultry International, 40: 50-52.
Imelouane, B., Amhamdi, H., Wathelet, J.P., Ankit, M., Khedid, K. and El Bachiri, A. (2009). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco. International Journal of Argiculture and Biology, 11(2): 205-208.
Langhout, P. (2000). New additives for broiler chickens. World Poultry, 16(3): 22-27.
Lee, K.W.H., Everts, H.J., Kappert, M., Frehner, R., Losa, R. and Beynen, A.C. (2003). Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44(3): 450-457.
Mitsch, P., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Kohler, B., Gabler, C., Losa, R. and Zimpernik, I. (2004). The effect of two different blends of essential oil components on the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 83(4): 669-675.
Nasiroleslami, M. and Torki, M. (2010) Including essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and ginger (Zingeber Officinale) to diet and evaluating performance of laying hens, white blood cell count and egg quality characteristics. Journal of Advances in Environmental Biology. 4(3): 341-345.
Niemela, S.I., Lee, J.V. and Fricker, C.R. (2003). A comparison of the International Standards Organisation reference method for the detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in water with a defined substrate procedure. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(6): 1285-1292.
Nobakht, A. (2010). Effects of medicinal plants of Thyme, Nettle with Alfalfa on performance, carcass components of blood elements and safety response in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science, 10: 59-72. [In Persian]
Nobakht, A., Rahimzadeh M.R. and Safamehr, R. (2013). Effect of different levels of medicinal herbs of nettle, pune and kakotti in early and growth stages on carcasses and performance of broiler chickens. Proceedings of the 4th Iranian Congress of Animal Sciences, 44. [In Persian]
Pirmohammadi, A., Daneshyar, M. and Farhoomand, P. (2016). Effect of Thymus vulgaris and Mentha pulegium powders on Performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broilers under heat stress condition, Iranian Veterinary Journal, 11(4): 12-25. [In Persian]
Rahbarnia, B., Ya'qubfar, A., Karkudi, K. and Chalntern Nistani, M. (2013). Effect of Thyme essential oil on yield, mortality, acidity and microbial population changes in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science, 101: 37-45. [In Persian]
Rehani Mohassess, A. (2011). Effect of different levels of Mentha and Ajowan on performance andcarcass characteristics of broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 16: 12-18.
Reyesi, M., Safamehr, A.S. Khodaei Ashen, P. and Habibi, P. (2014). Thyme and oregano essences in broiler chickens: effects on performance, antioxidant indicators and blood biochemical parameters. Pajoohesh and Sazandegi. 10(105): 103-120. [In Persian]
Safa, S.E.G. and AL-Beitawi, N.A. (2009). The effect of feeding of crushed thyme (Thymus valgaris) on growth, blood constituents, gastrointestinal tract and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 4(2): 100-104.
Salehi, E., Bahadoran, Sh., Fallah Mehrjerdi, A. and Mohebi, A.N. (2016). Effect of dietary Zataria multiflora on growth performance and caracass oxidation in broiler chikens. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 11(4): 42-51. [In Persian]
Solomakos, N., Govaris, A., Koidis, P. and Botsoglou, N. (2007). The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin, and their combination against Listeria monocytogenes in minced beef during refrigerated storage. Food Microbiology, 25(1): 120-127.
Tekeli, A., Celik, L., Kutlu, H.R. and Gorgulu, M. (2006). Effect of dietary supplemental plant extracts on performance, carcass characteristics, digestive system development, intestinal microflora and some blood parameters of broiler chicks. In XII European Poultry Conference, Italy, pp: 10-14.
Vali Pouri, A., Rahimi, Sh. and Zahraie Salehi, T. (2011). The Effect of Growth Stimulants on the Performance of Challenged Broiler Chicks with Escherichia coli. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 3(2): 95 -104. [In Persian]
