The Effect of Cinnamon Supplementation on Lipid Profile in Response to Aerobic Exercise

Subject Areas : Open Access

Maryam Esfandiarpour ¹ (Departmen of Sport physiology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran)
Ali Hossein Zadeh Gonabadi ² (Physical Education Department of Sama Collage, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran)
Fatemeh Farkhaie ³ (Departmen of Sport physiology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran)
Abdossaleh Zar ⁴ (Department of Sport Physiology, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr, Iran)

Accepted : 0621-03-23 Published : 2020-11-21

Keywords: Exercise, lipids, Cinnamomum zeylanicum,

Abstract :

Abstract Introduction: In recent decades, lipids and their related compounds in the plasma of healthy individuals and patients were considered and proposed ad risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to review the effect of 15 days’ cinnamon supplementation on lipid profile in response to an aerobic exercise session. Materials and Methods: In this quasi- experimental study 24 healthy male were selected and divided into three equal groups (1g cinnamon, 1.5 g cinnamon, and placebo) according to aerobic power. The subjects were taking cinnamon capsules for 15 days. Blood sampling was taken from subjects before and immediately after 30 minutes of running with an intensity of 55 to 65 percent of maximum heart rate on the treadmill . For statistical analysis of data, dependent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests were used (P≤0.05). Findings: Aerobic exercise significantly increased HDL and decreased LDL, VLDL, TG, and Cho (P≤ 0.05), 15 days cinnamon supplementation had a significant effect on the increase of HDL and decrease of LDL, TG, and Cho in response to one session of aerobic exercise (P≤ 0.05, though, had no significant effect on VLDL (P≥ 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that to improve the response of lipid profile to one session aerobic exercise, 15 days’ cinnamon supplementation can be used. Keywords: Cinnamon, Exercise, Lipid Profile     Extended Abstract Introduction In recent decades, fats and their related compounds have been considered in the plasma of healthy and sick people and have been proposed as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Plasma fat levels can be affected by age, sex, lifestyle, eating habits, physical activity, obesity, smoking, hormonal disorders, and some genetic factors. Various physical activities and exercises reduce atherogenic processes and reduce the prevalence of various cardiovascular diseases by reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Regular aerobic exercise such as walking, jogging, swimming, and cycling can have a positive effect on fat and lipoprotein levels. Several studies have shown that increased physical activity modulates the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The use of herbs can be an effective way to lower blood fats. Cinnamon is a plant that has different compounds which is positively effective in reducing blood TG, Cho, and LDL. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 15 days of cinnamon extract supplementation on the response of fat profile to one session of aerobic exercise.   Materials and Methods In this quasi- experimental study, 24 healthy male were selected as a statistical sample. Subjects were divided into three identical groups based on aerobic capacity (one-gram cinnamon, 1.5-gram cinnamon, and placebo). Subjects used cinnamon capsules for 15 days. The first blood sampling was performed before any activity. Then the subjects worked on the treadmill for 30 minutes at 55 to 65% of maximum heart rate. The second blood sampling was performed immediately after aerobic exercise. To measure the fat profile, the enzymatic method of calorimetry (biochemistry) was used using an autoanalyzer, model SELECTR-XL, made in the Netherlands. To analyze thedata, a dependent t-test and one-way ANOVA along with Tukey's post hoc test were used (p≥0.05).   Findings The results show that 15 days of cinnamon supplementation with doses of 1 (P=0.03) and 1.5 (P=0.001) grams leads to a significant increase in fasting HDL levels, however, it has no significant effect on fasting levels of LDL (P=0.33), VLDL (P=0.34), TG (P=0.44) and Cho (P=0.06). The results of the paired sample t- test show that 30 minutes of running with an intensity of 55 to 65% of maximum heart rate on the treadmill in the groups of 1.5 g of cinnamon, 1 g of cinnamon, and placebo led to a significant increase in HDL and also a significant decrease in LDL, VLDL, TG and Cho (P=0.001). The results of one-way ANOVA show that there were significant differences in HDL (P=0.001), LDL (P=0.003), TG (P=0.001), and Cho (P=0.001) among different research groups in response to30-minute run with an intensity of 55 to 65% of the maximum heart rate on the treadmill. The results of Tukey’s post- hoc test show that HDL levels in the groups of 1 g of cinnamon (P=0.01) and 1.5 g of cinnamon (P=0.001) are significantly higher than the placebo group and it is significantly higher in the group of 1.5 Gram of cinnamon  than the group 1 g of cinnamon (P=0.002); Also, the levels of LDL (P=0.002), TG (P=0.001) and Cho (P=0.001) in the 1.5 g cinnamon group were significantly lower than the placebo group, and TG levels in the group 1.5 grams of cinnamon are significantly lower than group 1 gram of cinnamon (P=0.001).   Discussion Findings of the present study showed that aerobic exercise resulted in a significant increase in HDL, decrease in LDL, VLDL, TG, and Cho.Also 15 days of cinnamon supplementation had a significant effect on an increase in HDL, a decrease in LDL, TG, and Cho in response to one sessionexercise but had no significant effect on VLDL. It can be said that exercise increases the activity of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme in terms of the mechanisms involved in the process of LDL reduction and also increasing the activity of lipoprotein lipase increases the catabolism of lipoproteins rich in TG. Lipoprotein lipase is one of the enzymes that regulate lipoproteins and degrades TG in TG-rich lipoproteins. HDL has been reported to be the major carrier of cholesterol esteroxide and has a high capacity to reduce the total amount of lipoperoxide produced in LDL. HDL reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease by reversing cholesterol, and the mechanism that increases HDL has not yet been clearly articulated. However, it has been suggested that the increase in HDL is due to an increase in apolipoprotein A, activation of the enzymes lipoprotein lipase and cholesterol acyltransferase, and a  decrease in the liver lipase enzyme activity. Lipoprotein lipase by plasma TG hydrolysis is the most important factor in changing the concentration of HDL. Plasma insulin decreases during exercise. Decreased plasma insulin activates lipolysis of adipose tissue, increases the concentration of free plasma fatty acids, and increases liver fatty acid. And as insulin decreases, glucagen increases. These two hormones during exercise cause more activity of ketogenesis or,in other words, increase the liver load and cause changes in cholesterol precursors. However, the reason for the difference in serum TG is probably related to the increase in lipoprotein lipase activity. Because the main ingredients of cinnamon include cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and safrole which have insulin-like effects and also reduce TG, Cho, and LDL. It seems that the fat-enhancing effects of cinnamon consumption in response to one session of exercise are dependent on the dose of cinnamon consumption so that the consumption of 1.5 grams of cinnamon supplementation had more effects than 1 gram of cinnamon.   Conclusion Finally, according to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that to improve the response of fat profile to a session of exercise, 15 days of cinnamon supplementation with doses of 1 g and 1.5 g can be used. However, the effect of supplementation 1.5 g is more than 1 g.   Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines All subjects full fill the informed consent.   Funding No funding.   Authors' contributions Design and conceptualization: Maryam Esfandiyar pur, Ali Hosseizadeh Gonabadi Abdossaleh Zar; Methodology and data analysis: Maryam Esfandiyar pur, Ali Hosseinzadeh Gonabadi Zar, Fatemeh Farkhaie; Supervision and final writing: Abdossaleh Zar.   Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.

References:

1. Jalali Khanabadi B, Mozaffari khosravi H, Rafiei M, Darabi F. Evaluation of the relationship between lipids, lipoproteins and lipoprotein A with coronary artery disease. Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2007; 16 (62): 7- 13. http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-375-en.html


2. Derakhshandeh M, Taghian F, Jalali Dehkordi, Kh, Hosseini SA. Effect of eight weeks of resistance training and consumption of Tribulus Terrestris on androgenic receptor-1, fas ligand gene expression, and lipid profiles in rats exposed to stanozolol. Avicenna J Med Biochem. 2020;8(1): 27-34. [DOI:10.34172/ajmb.2020.04]


3. Askari A, Askari B, Fallah G, Kazemi N. Effects of aerobic training on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Gorgan Univ. Med. Sci. 2012; 14 (1): 26- 32. http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-1239-en.html


4. Jafari A, Saeidi S, Zekri R, Malekirad A. Comparison of static and dynamic resistance exercise effects on some functional cardiovascular indices, plasma lactate and peripheral blood leukocytes in healthy untrained women. Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2012; 14 (1): 66- 76. http://journal.skums.ac.ir/article-1-1052-en.html


5. Ghadery B, Ghazalian F, Hosseini SA, Abed Natanzy H, Shamsoddini A. Effect of high-intensity interval training with eryngium campestre on lipid profile and glycemic indices in high- fat diet- induced obese rats. Hormozgan Med J. 2020; 24 (2): e98982. [DOI:10.5812/hmj.98982]


6. Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Johnson JL, Bateman LA, Tanner CJ, McCartney JS. Inactivity, exercise training and detraining, and plasma lipoproteins. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J Appl Physiol. 2007; 103 (2): 432- 42. [DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.01314.2006]


7. Banz WJ, Maher MA, Thompson WG, Bassett DR, Moore W, Ashraf M. Effects of resistance versus aerobic training on coronary artery disease risk factors. Exp Biol Med. 2003; 228 (4): 434- 40. [DOI:10.1177/153537020322800414]


8. Irving BA, Weltman JY, Patrie JT, Davis CK, Brock DW, Swift D. Effects of exercise training intensity on nocturnal growth hormone secretion in obese adults with the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94: 1979- 1986. [DOI:10.1210/jc.2008-2256]


9. Khadem Haghighian H, Farsad Naimi A, Pourghassem Gargari B, Ali-Asgharzadeh A, Nemati A. Effect of cinnamon on glycemic control and insulin resistance in type II diabetes patients: A randomized clinical trial. Ardabil. Univ Med Sci. 2010; 10 (4): 295- 302. http://jarums.arums.ac.ir/article-1-200-en.html


10. Sheng X, Zhang Y, Gong Z, Huang C, Zang YQ. Improved insulin resistance and lipid metabolism by cinnamon extract through activation of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors. PPAR Res. 2008; 5813- 48. [DOI:10.1155/2008/581348]


11. Zahmatkesh M, Fallah Huseini H, Hajiaghaee R, Heidari M, Mehrafarin A, Tavakoli Far B. The effects of cinnamomum zeylanicum presl on blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes, a double-blind clinical trial. JMP. 2012; 1 (41): 258 -263. http://jmp.ir/article-1-502-en.html


12. Blevins SM, Leyva MJ, Brown J, Wright J, Scofield RH, Aston CE. Effect of cinnamon on glucose and lipid levels in non insulin- dependent type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 2236- 7. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-0098


13. Baker WL, Gutierrez-Williams G, White CM, Kluger J, Coleman CI. Effect of cinnamon on glucose control and lipid parameters. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31: 41- 3. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1711


14. Sharma A. Effects of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med. 2006; 348: 1494- 6. [DOI:10.1056/NEJM200304103481515]


15. William L, Gutierrez G, White M, Kluger J. Effect of cinnamon on glucose control and lipid parameters. Diabetes Care. 2008; 3 (1): 41- 43. [DOI:10.2337/dc07-1711]


16. Vafa M, Mohammadi F, Shidfar F, Sormaghi MS, Heidari I, Golestan B, et al. Effects of cinnamon consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Prev Med. 2012; 3 (8): 531- 6. [PMID:22973482] [PMCID:PMC3429799]


17. Ting Lu, Sheng H, Johnna Wu, Cheng Y, Zhu J, Chen Y. Cinnamon extract improves fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level in chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Elsevier Inc. 2012; 32: 408- 412. [DOI:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.003]


18. Marandi SM, Abadi NG, Esfarjani F, Mojtahedi H, Ghasemi G. Effects of intensity of aerobics on body composition and blood lipid profile in obese/overweight females. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4 (Suppl 1): S118- 25. [PMID:23717761] [PMCID:PMC3665017]


19. Vafa M, Mohamadi F, Shidfar F, Sormaghi MS, Heidari I, Golestan B, et al. Effects of cinnamon consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Prev Med. 2012; 3 (8): 531- 6. [PMCID:PMC3429799]


20. Mahmood S, Talat A, Karim S, Khurshid R, Zia A. Effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose level and lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Pak J Physiol. 2011; 2 (1): 13- 16. https://pjp.pps.org.pk/index.php/PJP/article/view/766


21. Al Jamal AB. Effects of cinnamon on blood glucose and lipids levels in diabetic patients (Type 1). African J Biochem Res. 2009; 3 (5): 181- 184. [DOI:10.5897/AJBR.9000097]


22. Marandi SM, Abadi NG, Esfarjani F, Mojtahedi H, Ghasemi G. Effects of intensity of aerobics on body composition and blood lipid profile in obese/overweight females. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4 (Suppl 1): S118- 25. [PMID:23717761] [PMCID:PMC3665017]


23. Ranković G, Djindjić N, Ranković-Nedin G, Marković S, Nejić D, Milicić B, et al. The effects of physical training on cardiovascular parameters, lipid disorders and endothelial function. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2012; 69 (11): 956- 60. [PMID:23311246]


24. Zorba E, Cengiz T, Karacabey K. Exercise training improves body composition, blood lipid profile and serum insulin levels in obese children. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2011; 51 (4): 664- 9.  https://europepmc.org/article/med/22212270


25. Hosseini Kakhk S, Amiri Parsa T, Azarnive M, Hamedinia M. The effect of resistance training, aerobic training and detraining on the lipid profile and CRP in obese girls. Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2011; 18 (3): 188- 197. http://jsums.medsab.ac.ir/article_16_en.html


26. Yoshida H, Ishikawa T, Suto M, Kurosawa H, Hirowatari Y, Ito K, et al. Effects of supervised aerobic exercise training on serum adiponectin and parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism in subjects with moderate dyslipidemia. J Ather Thromb. 2010; 17 (11): 1160- 6. [DOI:10.5551/jat.4358]


27. Hosseini SA, Hamzavi K, Safarzadeh H, Salehi O. Interactive effect of swimming training and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) extract on glycemic indices and lipid profile in diabetic rats. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2020; 5: 1- 5. [DOI:10.1080/13813455.2020.1826529] [PMID:33017260]


28. Modaresi M, Messripour R. Effect of cinnamon extract on the number of spermatocyte and spermatozoa cells in mice. Iranian J Med Aroma Plants. 2010; 26: 83- 90. [DOI:10.22092/ijmapr.2010.6983]