Effect of silicon on some growth, physiological and phytochemical properties of Cannabis sativa L. in soil and soilless culture
Subject Areas : Medicinal PlantsFatemeh Beheshti 1 , sarah khorasaninejad 2
1 - Horticultural Sciences Department, Plant Production Faculty, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 - Horticultural Sciences Department, Plant Production Faculty, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Keywords: Hydroponic, Antioxidant, Total phenol, Cannabis sativa, Anthocyanin,
Abstract :
Cannabis sativa L. is a promising product for the production of special herbal medicines. Silicon is also a very important element in improving plant performance in a variety of environmental conditions. Soilless culture systems are one of the most important technologies in the world for adverse environmental environments. Based on a two-factor factorial in a completely randomized design with four silicon treatments with concentrations of zero, 0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 mmol and three replications in four culture media (soil and sand (soil derivatives), soil and vermicompost compost (soil derivatives), perlite (hydroponics), perlite and cocopeat (hydroponics) were applied. After vegetative growth is complete, growth, morphophysiological and phytochemical indices including root and shoot length (ruler), fresh weight of shoot and root, dry weight of shoot and root, relative leaf moisture (scales), leaf area (leaf surface), photosynthetic pigments and anthocyanins, sugar, phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant activity (spectrophotometer), some leaf and root elements (flame photometer) were measured. The results showed that the culture system had a significant effect on all measured traits (except flavonoids) and the application of silicon improved many phytochemical traits and yield components with concentrations of 1.5 and 2.25 in this plant. It is noteworthy that silicon in hydroponic systems improved the growth traits and absorption of elements, but in the culture medium of soil derivatives, increased the phytochemical traits of flavonoids and anthocyanins. The results can indicate that the use of hydroponic culture media increases the yield, while in soil media due to some limitations, especially the absorption of elements, non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds such as phenolic acid increase.
References:
Abeysinghe, D.C., Wijerathne, S.M.N.K. and Dharmadasa, R. M. (2014). Secondary metabolites contents and antioxidant capacities of Acmella oleraceae grown under different growing systems. World Journal of Agricultural Research. 2(4): 163-167.
Afreen, F., Zobayed, S.M.A. and Kozai, T. (2005). Spectral quality and UV-B stress stimulate glycyrrhizin concentration of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in hydroponic and pot system. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 43(12): 1074-1081.
Ahmad, P., Ahanger, M.A., Alam, P., Alyemeni, M.N., Wijaya, L. and Ali, S. (2019). Silicon (Si) supplementation alleviates NaCl toxicity in mung bean (Vigna radiata) through the modifications of physio-biochemica attributes and key antioxidant enzymes. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 38: 70-82.
Ahmed, M., Asif, M. and Hassan, F.U. (2014). Augmenting drought tolerance in sorghum by silicon nutrition. Acta physiologiae plantarum. 36(2): 473-483.
Al-Aghabary, K., Zhu, Z. and Shi, Q. (2005). Influence of silicon supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and anti-oxidative enzyme activities in tomato plants under salt stress. Journal Plant 27: 2101-2115.
Alizadeh ahmad abadi, A., Khorasaninejad, S. and Hemmati. (2017). The effect of limited irrigation stress and humic acid on the some morphological and root phytochemical characteristics of Purple coneflower. Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture), 19(1): 1-14.
Bagheri, N., Enteshari, S. and Razavi Zadeh, R. (2020). Effect of silicon on some of morphological. physiological parameters and the expression of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase and proline 5-carboxylate synthase genes in Iranian Borago medicinal plant under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 12(1): 85-106.
Barnes, J.D., Balaguer, L., Manrique, E., Elvira, S. and Davison, A. W. (1992). A reappraisal of the use of DMSO for the extraction and determination of chlorophyll a and b in lichens and higher plants. Environ. Exp. Bot. 32 (2): 85–90.
Benton, J. (2014). Complete guide for growing plants hydroponically. 1, 1. CRC Press, 206, 3-4.
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H. M. and Chern, J. C. (2012). Estimation of total flavonoid content in Propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J. Food Drug Anal. 10: 178–182.
Chapman, H.D. and Pratt, P.F. (1961). Methods of Analysis for Soil, Plants and Waters. University of California. Division of Agriculture. Sciences, 309.
Danaei, A. and Abdoosi, V. (2021). Effect of silicon and nanosilicon on some morphophysiological and phytochemical properties of peppermint (Mentha piperita) under salinity stress. Research on Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 37 (1): 98-112.
Deshmukh, R. K., Ma, J. F. and Bélanger, R. R. (2017). Role of silicon in plants. Frontiers in plant science. 8: 1858.
Dos Santos S. M., de Mello Prado, R., Teixeira, G.C.M., de Souza Júnior, J. P., de Medeiros, R.L.S. and Barreto, R. F. (2022). Silicon supplied via roots or leaves relieves potassium deficiency in maize plants. Silicon. 14(3):773-782.
Emam, M., Hawash, A. and Abul-Soud, M. (2022). Effect of some organic amendments on lettuce production under urban conditions. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research. 11(01):134-145.
Eraslan, F., Güne, A., Inal, A., Çiçek, N. and Alpaslan, M. (2008). Comparative physiological and growth responses of Tomato and Pepper plants to fertilizer induced salinity and salt stress under geenhouse conditions. International Meeting on Soil Fertility Land Management and Agroclimatology. Turkey. 687-696.
Etesami, H. and Jeong, B.R. (2018). Silicon (Si): Review and future prospects on the action mechanisms in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 147: 881-896.
Farrokhi, E., Samadi, A. and Rahimi, A. (2021). Investigation of antioxidant activity, total phenol and flavonoid content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis ) in different media under hydroponic condition. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 8(4): 19-33.
Farshidi, M., Abdolzadeh, A. and Sadeghipour, H. R. (2012). Silicon nutrition (JAAR) Volume: 27 (1) 39 alleviates physiological disorders imposed by salinity in hydroponically grown canola (Brassica napus L.) plants. Acta. Physiol. Plant. 34:1779–1788.
Gabr, S. M., Abouelsaad, I. A., Brengi, S. and Gouda, A. (2022). Growth and yield of spinach as affected by silicon and fulvic acid under salt stress. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches. 27(1): 26-42.
Ghehsareh, A. M., Borji, H. and Jafarpour, M. (2011). Effect of some culture substrates (date-palm peat, cocopeat and perlite) on some growing indices and nutrient elements uptake in greenhouse tomato. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 5(12): 1437-1442.
Gorgini Shabankareh, H., Khorasaninejad, S., Sadeghi, M. and Tabasi, A.R. (2018). The effects of irrigation periods and humic acid on morpho- physiological and biochemical traits of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Journal of Plant Ecophysiological Research. 13(51): 67-82.
Gorgini Shabankareh, H., Khorasaninejad, S., Soltanloo, H. and Shariati, V. (2021). Physiological response and secondary metabolites of three lavender genotypes under water deficit. Scientific Reports. 11(1): 19164.
Hajiboland, R. and Cheraghvareh, L. (2014). Influence of Si supplementation on growth and some physiological and biochemical parameters in salt-stressed tobacco (Nicotiana rustica) plants. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran. 25(3): 205-217.
Hayden, M. (2006). Introduction to international education: International schools and their communities. Sage.
Jin, D., Dai, K., Xie, Z. and Chen, J. (2020). Secondary Metabolites Profiled in Cannabis Inflorescences, Leaves, Stem Barks, and Roots for Medicinal Purposes. Scientific Reports. 10 (1):1-14.
Kamenidou, S., Cavins, T.J. and Marek, S. (2010). Silicon supplements affect floricultural quality traits and elemental nutrient concentrations of greenhouse produced gerbera. Scientia Horticulturae. 123(3): 390-394.
Katsoulas, N., Savvas, D., Kitta, E., Bartzanas, T. and Kittas, C. (2015). Extension and evaluation of a model for automatic drainage solution management in tomato crops grown in semi-closed hydroponic systems. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 113: 61-71.
Khademi Astaneh, R. Tabatabaei, J. and Bolandnazar, S. (2017). The effect of selenium on yield and vegetative characteristics of hydroponic. Horticultural sciences. 31 (1): 167-179.
Khan, W.U.D., Aziz, T., Maqsood, M.A., Sabir, M., Ahmad, H.R., Ramzani, P.M.A. and Naseem, M. (2016). Silicon: a beneficial nutrient under salt stress, its uptake mechanism and mode of action. In Soil science: Agricultural and environmental prospectives. 287-301. Springer, Cham.
Khorasaninejad, S., Soltanloo, H., Hadian, J. and Atashi, S. (2016). The effect of salinity stress on the growth, quantity and quality of essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifulia Miller). Journal of Horticulture Science. 30(2): 209-216.
Li, Z., Jin, X., Wang, J., Yang, G., Nie, C., Xu, X. and Feng, H. (2015). Estimating winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) LAI and leaf chlorophyll content from canopy reflectance data by integrating agronomic prior knowledge with the PROSAIL model. International journal of remote sensing. 36(10): 2634-2653.
Liang, Y. (1999). Effects of silicon on enzyme activity and sodium, potassium and calcium concentration in barley under salt stress. Plant and soil, 209(2): 217-224.
Liang, Y., Hua, H., Zhu, Y.G., Zhang, J., Cheng, C. and Rmheld, V. (2006). Importance of plant species and external silicon concentration to active silicon uptake and transport. New phytologist. 172 (1): 63-72.
Liszka-Skoczylas, M., Berski, W., Witczak, M., Skoczylas, Ł., Kowalska, I., Smoleń, S., Szlachcic, P. and Kozieł, M. (2022). The influence of hydroponic potato plant cultivation on selected properties of starch isolated from its tubers. Molecules. 27(3): 856.
Luyckx, M., Hausman, J.F., Guerriero, G. and Lutts, S. (2022). Silicon reduces zinc absorption and trigger oxidative tolerance processes without impacting growth in young plants of hemp (Cannabis Sativa). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1): 943-955.
McCaig, T.N. and Romogosa, I. (1991). Water status measurements of excised wheat leaves: position and age effects. Crop Science. 31: 1583-1588.
Moschou, C.E., Papadimitriou, D.M., Galliou, F., Markakis, N., Papastefanakis, N., Daskalakis, G., Sabathianakis, M., Stathopoulou, E., Bouki, C., Daliakopoulos, I.N. and Manios, T. (2022). Grocery waste compost as an alternative hydroponic growing medium. Agronomy. 12(4):789.
Motamedi Sharak, , Hemati, Kh. and Khorasaninejad, S. (2019). Effect of abscisic acid on morphophysiological characteristics and some biochemical properties of Cannabis sativa under different soil moisture conditions. Ecophytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. 7(1): 12-24.
Mozaffari, S., Khorasaninejad, S. and Gorgini shabankareh, H. (2017). The effects of irrigation regimes and humic acid on some of physiological and biochemical traits of Common Purslane in greenhouse. Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture). 19 (2):401-416.
Oki, T., Masuda, M., Kobayashi, M., Nishiba, Y., Furuta, S. and Suda, I. F. (2002). Polymeric procyanidins as radical-scavenging components in red-hulled rice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 30: 5382-5387.
Palin, W.M., Leprince, J.G. and Hadis, M.A. (2018). Shining a light on high volume photocurable materials. Dental Materials. 34(5): 695-710.
Peeri, H. and Koltai, H. (2022). Cannabis biomolecule effects on cancer cells and cancer stem cells: cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory activities. Biomolecules. 12(4): 491.
Pollastroa, , Minassia, A. and Grazia Fresu, L. (2018). Cannabis phenolics and their bioactivities. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 25: 1160-1185.
Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Ibrahim, M., Farid, M., Adrees, M., Bharwana, S.A., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Qayyum, M.F. and Abbas, F. (2015). Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22(20): 15416-15431.
RostsRosta, H. R. Bagheri, V. and Kiyan, H. (2016). The effect of different culture media on some vegetative traits, physiology and elements of Grandgala rose cultivar in hydroponic system. Greenhouse science and technology. (28): 27-39.
Sullivan, C.Y. and Ross, W.M. (1979). Selecting for drought and heat resistance in grain sorghum. Stress Physiology in Crop Plants. 263-281.
Terry N., Zayed A. M., De Souza M. P. and Tarun A. S. (2000). Selenium in higher plants. Annual, Review Plant Molecular Biology. 51:401-432
Thimmaiah, S.R. (2004). Standard methods for biochemical analysis Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, 545.
Vahedi Torshizi, M. Fathi, M. Zamani, S. and Hoseini Mighani, A. (2018). Introducing hydroponic cultivation as a new method in the development of agricultural entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Agriculture. 4(2): 43-60.
Wagner, G. J. (1979). Content and vacuole/extravacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids and anthocyanin in protoplasts. Plant Physiology. 64: 88-93.
Wu, H, C., Chen, H, M. and Shiau, C. Y. (2003). Free amino acids and peptides as related to antioxidant properties in protein hydrolysates of mackerel (Scomber austriasicus). Food research international. 36(9-10): 949-957.
Yaghubi, K., Ghaderi, N., Vafaee, Y. and Javadi, T. (2016). Potassium silicate alleviates deleterious effects of salinity on two Strawberry cultivars grown under soilless pot culture. Scientia Horticulturae. 213: 87-95.
Zare, F., Khorasaninejad, S. and Hemmati, Kh. (2018). The effect of silicon on some morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits of Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 10(37): 55-68.
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Abeysinghe, D.C., Wijerathne, S.M.N.K. and Dharmadasa, R. M. (2014). Secondary metabolites contents and antioxidant capacities of Acmella oleraceae grown under different growing systems. World Journal of Agricultural Research. 2(4): 163-167.
Afreen, F., Zobayed, S.M.A. and Kozai, T. (2005). Spectral quality and UV-B stress stimulate glycyrrhizin concentration of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in hydroponic and pot system. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 43(12): 1074-1081.
Ahmad, P., Ahanger, M.A., Alam, P., Alyemeni, M.N., Wijaya, L. and Ali, S. (2019). Silicon (Si) supplementation alleviates NaCl toxicity in mung bean (Vigna radiata) through the modifications of physio-biochemica attributes and key antioxidant enzymes. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 38: 70-82.
Ahmed, M., Asif, M. and Hassan, F.U. (2014). Augmenting drought tolerance in sorghum by silicon nutrition. Acta physiologiae plantarum. 36(2): 473-483.
Al-Aghabary, K., Zhu, Z. and Shi, Q. (2005). Influence of silicon supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and anti-oxidative enzyme activities in tomato plants under salt stress. Journal Plant 27: 2101-2115.
Alizadeh ahmad abadi, A., Khorasaninejad, S. and Hemmati. (2017). The effect of limited irrigation stress and humic acid on the some morphological and root phytochemical characteristics of Purple coneflower. Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture), 19(1): 1-14.
Bagheri, N., Enteshari, S. and Razavi Zadeh, R. (2020). Effect of silicon on some of morphological. physiological parameters and the expression of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase and proline 5-carboxylate synthase genes in Iranian Borago medicinal plant under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 12(1): 85-106.
Barnes, J.D., Balaguer, L., Manrique, E., Elvira, S. and Davison, A. W. (1992). A reappraisal of the use of DMSO for the extraction and determination of chlorophyll a and b in lichens and higher plants. Environ. Exp. Bot. 32 (2): 85–90.
Benton, J. (2014). Complete guide for growing plants hydroponically. 1, 1. CRC Press, 206, 3-4.
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H. M. and Chern, J. C. (2012). Estimation of total flavonoid content in Propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J. Food Drug Anal. 10: 178–182.
Chapman, H.D. and Pratt, P.F. (1961). Methods of Analysis for Soil, Plants and Waters. University of California. Division of Agriculture. Sciences, 309.
Danaei, A. and Abdoosi, V. (2021). Effect of silicon and nanosilicon on some morphophysiological and phytochemical properties of peppermint (Mentha piperita) under salinity stress. Research on Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 37 (1): 98-112.
Deshmukh, R. K., Ma, J. F. and Bélanger, R. R. (2017). Role of silicon in plants. Frontiers in plant science. 8: 1858.
Dos Santos S. M., de Mello Prado, R., Teixeira, G.C.M., de Souza Júnior, J. P., de Medeiros, R.L.S. and Barreto, R. F. (2022). Silicon supplied via roots or leaves relieves potassium deficiency in maize plants. Silicon. 14(3):773-782.
Emam, M., Hawash, A. and Abul-Soud, M. (2022). Effect of some organic amendments on lettuce production under urban conditions. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research. 11(01):134-145.
Eraslan, F., Güne, A., Inal, A., Çiçek, N. and Alpaslan, M. (2008). Comparative physiological and growth responses of Tomato and Pepper plants to fertilizer induced salinity and salt stress under geenhouse conditions. International Meeting on Soil Fertility Land Management and Agroclimatology. Turkey. 687-696.
Etesami, H. and Jeong, B.R. (2018). Silicon (Si): Review and future prospects on the action mechanisms in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 147: 881-896.
Farrokhi, E., Samadi, A. and Rahimi, A. (2021). Investigation of antioxidant activity, total phenol and flavonoid content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis ) in different media under hydroponic condition. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 8(4): 19-33.
Farshidi, M., Abdolzadeh, A. and Sadeghipour, H. R. (2012). Silicon nutrition (JAAR) Volume: 27 (1) 39 alleviates physiological disorders imposed by salinity in hydroponically grown canola (Brassica napus L.) plants. Acta. Physiol. Plant. 34:1779–1788.
Gabr, S. M., Abouelsaad, I. A., Brengi, S. and Gouda, A. (2022). Growth and yield of spinach as affected by silicon and fulvic acid under salt stress. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches. 27(1): 26-42.
Ghehsareh, A. M., Borji, H. and Jafarpour, M. (2011). Effect of some culture substrates (date-palm peat, cocopeat and perlite) on some growing indices and nutrient elements uptake in greenhouse tomato. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 5(12): 1437-1442.
Gorgini Shabankareh, H., Khorasaninejad, S., Sadeghi, M. and Tabasi, A.R. (2018). The effects of irrigation periods and humic acid on morpho- physiological and biochemical traits of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Journal of Plant Ecophysiological Research. 13(51): 67-82.
Gorgini Shabankareh, H., Khorasaninejad, S., Soltanloo, H. and Shariati, V. (2021). Physiological response and secondary metabolites of three lavender genotypes under water deficit. Scientific Reports. 11(1): 19164.
Hajiboland, R. and Cheraghvareh, L. (2014). Influence of Si supplementation on growth and some physiological and biochemical parameters in salt-stressed tobacco (Nicotiana rustica) plants. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran. 25(3): 205-217.
Hayden, M. (2006). Introduction to international education: International schools and their communities. Sage.
Jin, D., Dai, K., Xie, Z. and Chen, J. (2020). Secondary Metabolites Profiled in Cannabis Inflorescences, Leaves, Stem Barks, and Roots for Medicinal Purposes. Scientific Reports. 10 (1):1-14.
Kamenidou, S., Cavins, T.J. and Marek, S. (2010). Silicon supplements affect floricultural quality traits and elemental nutrient concentrations of greenhouse produced gerbera. Scientia Horticulturae. 123(3): 390-394.
Katsoulas, N., Savvas, D., Kitta, E., Bartzanas, T. and Kittas, C. (2015). Extension and evaluation of a model for automatic drainage solution management in tomato crops grown in semi-closed hydroponic systems. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 113: 61-71.
Khademi Astaneh, R. Tabatabaei, J. and Bolandnazar, S. (2017). The effect of selenium on yield and vegetative characteristics of hydroponic. Horticultural sciences. 31 (1): 167-179.
Khan, W.U.D., Aziz, T., Maqsood, M.A., Sabir, M., Ahmad, H.R., Ramzani, P.M.A. and Naseem, M. (2016). Silicon: a beneficial nutrient under salt stress, its uptake mechanism and mode of action. In Soil science: Agricultural and environmental prospectives. 287-301. Springer, Cham.
Khorasaninejad, S., Soltanloo, H., Hadian, J. and Atashi, S. (2016). The effect of salinity stress on the growth, quantity and quality of essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifulia Miller). Journal of Horticulture Science. 30(2): 209-216.
Li, Z., Jin, X., Wang, J., Yang, G., Nie, C., Xu, X. and Feng, H. (2015). Estimating winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) LAI and leaf chlorophyll content from canopy reflectance data by integrating agronomic prior knowledge with the PROSAIL model. International journal of remote sensing. 36(10): 2634-2653.
Liang, Y. (1999). Effects of silicon on enzyme activity and sodium, potassium and calcium concentration in barley under salt stress. Plant and soil, 209(2): 217-224.
Liang, Y., Hua, H., Zhu, Y.G., Zhang, J., Cheng, C. and Rmheld, V. (2006). Importance of plant species and external silicon concentration to active silicon uptake and transport. New phytologist. 172 (1): 63-72.
Liszka-Skoczylas, M., Berski, W., Witczak, M., Skoczylas, Ł., Kowalska, I., Smoleń, S., Szlachcic, P. and Kozieł, M. (2022). The influence of hydroponic potato plant cultivation on selected properties of starch isolated from its tubers. Molecules. 27(3): 856.
Luyckx, M., Hausman, J.F., Guerriero, G. and Lutts, S. (2022). Silicon reduces zinc absorption and trigger oxidative tolerance processes without impacting growth in young plants of hemp (Cannabis Sativa). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1): 943-955.
McCaig, T.N. and Romogosa, I. (1991). Water status measurements of excised wheat leaves: position and age effects. Crop Science. 31: 1583-1588.
Moschou, C.E., Papadimitriou, D.M., Galliou, F., Markakis, N., Papastefanakis, N., Daskalakis, G., Sabathianakis, M., Stathopoulou, E., Bouki, C., Daliakopoulos, I.N. and Manios, T. (2022). Grocery waste compost as an alternative hydroponic growing medium. Agronomy. 12(4):789.
Motamedi Sharak, , Hemati, Kh. and Khorasaninejad, S. (2019). Effect of abscisic acid on morphophysiological characteristics and some biochemical properties of Cannabis sativa under different soil moisture conditions. Ecophytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. 7(1): 12-24.
Mozaffari, S., Khorasaninejad, S. and Gorgini shabankareh, H. (2017). The effects of irrigation regimes and humic acid on some of physiological and biochemical traits of Common Purslane in greenhouse. Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture). 19 (2):401-416.
Oki, T., Masuda, M., Kobayashi, M., Nishiba, Y., Furuta, S. and Suda, I. F. (2002). Polymeric procyanidins as radical-scavenging components in red-hulled rice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 30: 5382-5387.
Palin, W.M., Leprince, J.G. and Hadis, M.A. (2018). Shining a light on high volume photocurable materials. Dental Materials. 34(5): 695-710.
Peeri, H. and Koltai, H. (2022). Cannabis biomolecule effects on cancer cells and cancer stem cells: cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory activities. Biomolecules. 12(4): 491.
Pollastroa, , Minassia, A. and Grazia Fresu, L. (2018). Cannabis phenolics and their bioactivities. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 25: 1160-1185.
Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Ibrahim, M., Farid, M., Adrees, M., Bharwana, S.A., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Qayyum, M.F. and Abbas, F. (2015). Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22(20): 15416-15431.
RostsRosta, H. R. Bagheri, V. and Kiyan, H. (2016). The effect of different culture media on some vegetative traits, physiology and elements of Grandgala rose cultivar in hydroponic system. Greenhouse science and technology. (28): 27-39.
Sullivan, C.Y. and Ross, W.M. (1979). Selecting for drought and heat resistance in grain sorghum. Stress Physiology in Crop Plants. 263-281.
Terry N., Zayed A. M., De Souza M. P. and Tarun A. S. (2000). Selenium in higher plants. Annual, Review Plant Molecular Biology. 51:401-432
Thimmaiah, S.R. (2004). Standard methods for biochemical analysis Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, 545.
Vahedi Torshizi, M. Fathi, M. Zamani, S. and Hoseini Mighani, A. (2018). Introducing hydroponic cultivation as a new method in the development of agricultural entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Agriculture. 4(2): 43-60.
Wagner, G. J. (1979). Content and vacuole/extravacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids and anthocyanin in protoplasts. Plant Physiology. 64: 88-93.
Wu, H, C., Chen, H, M. and Shiau, C. Y. (2003). Free amino acids and peptides as related to antioxidant properties in protein hydrolysates of mackerel (Scomber austriasicus). Food research international. 36(9-10): 949-957.
Yaghubi, K., Ghaderi, N., Vafaee, Y. and Javadi, T. (2016). Potassium silicate alleviates deleterious effects of salinity on two Strawberry cultivars grown under soilless pot culture. Scientia Horticulturae. 213: 87-95.
Zare, F., Khorasaninejad, S. and Hemmati, Kh. (2018). The effect of silicon on some morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits of Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 10(37): 55-68.
References
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