Plant physiology, specifically nitrogen (N) metabolism affecting plant phenology (vernalization), may be affected under stress. We have just recently indicated it is possible to enhance wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) yield and seed quality by shortening vernalization under drought conditions using plant growth regulators (PGR). Accordingly, PGR, planting dates and cold stratification affecting plant vernalization under drought stress were investigated. The tested PGR, used for priming seeds or spraying plants (at the double bridge stage, V4-V6 stage), consisted of the single and the combined use of gibberellins (GA3, GA4, and GA7) benzyl adenine 6 (BA6), and kinetin at 100, 200, and 50, mg/l, respectively. Plant morphological properties and seed components were determined in a split plot experiment on the basis of a completely randomized block design with four replicates. Priming and spraying and their interaction significantly affected the measured parameters. Autumn planting and spraying with GA4+7 + BA6 resulted in the highest root length (15.75cm). Interestingly, seed components were more affected by the treatments in spring planting as the highest spike dry weight was resulted by spraying with GA3+4+7 + kinetin + BA6 (3.97g). Spraying at spring planting was also more affective on grain N percentage, as spring planting without priming, using GA3+7 and kinetin, and cold stratification resulted in the highest GNP (3%). The obtained results are another confirmation to our recent experiment indicating it is possible to regulate wheat phonology (vernalization) and improve its growth and seed quality using the tested PGR under drought conditions. Manuscript profile

Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian 1*, Ali Soleymani2, Mehdi Khoshkharam3 1- Assistant ProfessorSenior Researcher- Faculty of Agriculture- Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran 2- Associate ProfessorFaculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran 3- InstructorGreen house manager and senior researcher * Corresponding author email: hesamshahrajabian@gmail.com Received: 5 March 2017 Accepted: 12 May 20017 Abstract An appropriate sustainable agricultural technology system is an important technical support of the promotion of sustainable agricultural development. Properly management of residues can warrant the improvement of sustainability in crop productivity. The research was conducted in 2011 at Experimental Field of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran. A strip layout randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The experiment was related to the effects of green manures of barley, rye, triticale and clover ,two levels of farm yard manure, namely, 30 and 60 t/ha and one treatment of chemical fertilizer as a control treatment were arranged in main strip and decomposition time of manures in two levels, one and four weeks after returning. Cover crop had significant influence on stem diameter, ear height, final plant height, leaf and stem fresh weights, stem and ear dry weights, fresh forage yield, nitrate leaf and protein content. Moreover, fresh forage yield, biological yield, of leaf nitrate, nitrate of stem, protein and ash were influenced by different managements. The highest plant height, leaf, stem fresh weight, ear and, stem and ear dry weight were related barley green manure treatment. The maximum stem diameter, plant height, ear fresh weight, leaf, stem and ear dry weights were obtained in the treatment of four weeks fo residue retention. The highest biological yield and fiber percentage of forage corn were observed in the treatment of residue retention for four weeks and crop residue incorporation, respectveily. Besides, there were no signfiicant differences for these both experimental characteristics between mentioned above treatments and residue burning. The highest fresh forage yield, protein and ash percentages were achieved in residue burning treatment. In conclusion, it seems that residue burning accompained with usage of triticale as a green manure was the best choice to achieve high quality, but for obtaining the highest fresh forage yield and biological yield of forage corn, triticale plantation can be replaced by barley. Keywords: Cover crops, Manure, Geen manure, Forage corn. Manuscript profile

Plant Growth Regulators Improve Yield and Yield Components of Wheat under Deficit Irrigation Treatments With Considering the Productive CapacityMohammad Hashem Azizi 1 , Ali Soleymani 1,2* , and Hamid Reza Javanmard 11- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University,Isfahan, Iran 2- Plant Improvement and Seed Production Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch,Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran*Corresponding email address: a.soleymani444@gmail.com Received: 15 November October 2022 Accepted: 28 January 2023AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major crop plants, which is an important source of various compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nutrients. Several methods have been used so far to improve wheat growth, seed yield and yield competition under drought stress, and one of the most important one is application of different plant growth regulators (PGRs). In order to determine the effects of different PGRs on the grain yield and yield components of wheat under water shortage treatments, an experiment was designed as a split plot on the basis of a complete randomized block design with three replications in two different experimental locations, namely Abarkuh and Faragheh in 2018-2019. Main plots were the evaporation from the pan class A, namely control treatment (80 mm), 100 mm, and 120 mm evaporation from pan class A, and subplots were control treat (water), foliar application of PGRs of gibberellic acid (GA3 at 100 mgL-1), salicylic acid (SA at 1.5 mM), benzyl adenine (BA at 60 mgL-1), GA3+SA, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD at 5 gL-1). In this experiment the effects of irrigation treatments and foliar application of PGRs were significant on all experimental characteristics, such as plant height, spike length, the number of tillers per plant, and peduncle length. The highest values of plant height (68.06 cm), spike length (8.81 cm), the number of tillers per plant (3.37), and peduncle length (9.55 cm) was related to 80 mm evaporation from pan class A, and combined application of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid also had obtained the maximum plant height (69.47 cm), spike length (9.23 cm), the number of tillers per plant (3.93), and peduncle length (10.40 cm). The maximum value of plant height (71.27 cm), spike length (10.53 cm), the number of tillers per plant (5.47), and peduncle length (11.69 cm) was related to interaction between 80 mm evaporation from pan class A, and combined application of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid. Other experimental characteristics such as leaf area index (LAI), the number of grains per spike, one thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index (HI) were significantly affected by irrigation treatments and different PGRs. The highest values of LAI at anthesis stage (187.71), the number of grains per spike (28.53), one thousand grain weight (32.35 g), grain yield (555.18 ton/ha), biological yield (1178.92 ton/ha), and harvest index (47.11 %) were obtained for interaction between 80 mm evaporation from pan class A and combined application of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid. According to the findings, the combined application of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid was the most effective treatments followed by usage of superoxide and benzyl adenine which reveal the importance of application of plant hormones for wheat growth under drought conditions. To sum up, it is important to use tested PGRs to increase wheat yield and yield components particularly under drought stress condition. Manuscript profile

Study of Reducing Water Consumption with Irrigation Method in Different Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars at Shahrekord Region Foroud Salehi1 and Bijan Haghighati-Boroujeni2 1-Crop and Horticultural Sciences Research Department, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shahrekord, Iran. 2- Soil and Water Sciences Research Department, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shahrekord, Iran. *Corresponding author E-mail: foroud_salehi@yahoo.com Received: 10 March 2019 Accepted: 20 June 2019 Abstact Common bean is a product cultivated in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province with high water consumption and in recent years, due to water scarcity, its cultivation has declined sharply. In this experiment, different methods of reducing water use with changing in irrigation method in bean cultivars was investigated. Factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications 2016 and 2017 at Chahartakhte Research Station in Shahrekord region. The first factor was cultivar in three levels (Koosha chitti bean, Yaghut ​​red bean and Dorsa white bean), and the second factor was the irrigation method in three levels (strip-drip irrigation, furrow irrigation, and conventional (flood) irrigation (strip surface irrigation)). Combined analysis results showed that plant height, grain yield, yield components, and water productivity were affected by bean cultivars and irrigation methods. The highest grain yield was obtained from Yaghut red bean cultivar, which had a significant difference with Koosha chitti bean cultivar. The highest water productivity was obtained from Yaghut red bean cultivar, which had a significant difference with other common bean cultivars. The highest water productivity was obtained from strip surface irrigation, which did not have a significant difference with strip drip irrigation, while water use in strip drip irrigation was far less than strip surface irrigation. Therefore, it is possible to use drip irrigation with less water consumption. Keywords: Common bean, Yield, Reduce irrigation, Water productivity. Manuscript profile

The Types of Plant Growth Regulators on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Water Stress Condition Mohammad Reza Askarnejad1, Ali Soleymani1,2*, and Hamid Reza Javanmard1 1-Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 2-Plant Improvement and Seed Production Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran *Corresponding email address: a.soleymani444@gmail.com Received: 20 March 2022 Accepted: 2 June 2022 Abstract Iran is climatically located in semi-arid and arid zones, as stressful environment in the world, Barley is one of the stress-tolerant crops that adapted to salinity and drought simultaneously. In order to evaluate the impacts of different plant growth regulators (PGR) on the grain yield and yield components of irrigated barley crop under water low or deficit irrigation condition, an experiment was conducted as a split plot with three replications in two different experimental fields, namely Abarkuh and Faragheh in 2018-2019 cropping year. Main plots were irrigation after the evaporation from the class A pan, namely control (80 mm) (S1), 100 mm (S2), and 120 mm (S3), and the subplots were the PGR application by spraying water (control) (P1), gibberellic acid (GA3 at 110 mg/l) (P2), salicylic acid (SA at 1.5 mM) (P3), benzyl adenine (BA6 at 60 mg/l) (P4), GA3 (110 mg/l) + SA (1.5 mM) (P5), and superoxide dismutase (SOD at 5 mg/l) (P6) solutions in water. In this experiment the effects of experiment treatments were affected plant height, leaf area index (LAI), the number of tillers per plant, peduncle length, spike length, the number of seed per spike, one thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index (HI), and grain protein significantly. The highest values of plant height (102.64 cm), leaf area index (3.62), the number of tillers per plant (4.27), peduncle length (26.02 cm), spike length (7.87 cm), the number of seed per spike (33.09), one thousand grain weight (39.86 g), grain yield (3.06 t/ha), biological yield (5.62 t/ha), harvest index (54.53%), and grain protein (11.82%) was related to 80 mm evaporation from the Pan class A and combined application GA3 and SA. All PGRs, particularly the combined application of SA and GA3 followed by superoxide dismutase significantly increased nutrient uptake, grain yield, grain protein, and yield components of barley. In conclusion, it is important to use tested PGR to increase barley yield and yield components particularly under drought stress condition. Manuscript profile