Synchronous machine is a two-excitation machine and is widely used in energy conversion systems such as wind energy conversion system and hydropower plants. Providing and regulating the direct current of the excitation coil of the synchronous machine is the main task of the excitation system. The excitation system in the synchronous machine must have a high voltage limit. For high reliability, each generator has its own exciter. The excitation system by controlling the excitation voltage can control the voltage and reactive transmission power and strengthen the stability of the system and cause the proper operation of a power system. In the dynamic analysis of the power system, to check the stability of the synchronous generator, it is enough to consider the excitation system and its primary drive controls can be ignored. In this article, the aim is to study and simulate the behavior of a no-load synchronous generator equipped with a static excitation system. Changes in the output voltage of the excitation system due to changes in the parameters of the excitation gain reduction (TGR) and the excitation system stabilizer (ESS) have been investigated. The simulation results show the effect of TGR and ESS on damping the oscillatory response and reducing the settling time of the response. Manuscript profile

Power systems are a complex system, which to control them in steady state, different control loops are needed. Load changes affect the frequency of electrical networks. Frequency stabilization (FS) is very important due to the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources in power systems. The main task of load frequency control is to keep the system frequency according to the specified nominal value and to maintain the correct amount of exchange power between the control areas. In this paper, load frequency control (LFC) in single-area power system (SIPS) is studied and simulated. Each area has a steam generating unit with a reheat steam turbine. The system equations are expressed in the state space and the system model is determined based on the transfer function. The simulation results have been obtained using Matlab software. The simulation results show the effect of reheater's parameters on the transient dynamic behavior of the system. Manuscript profile

In the power system, any change in the input or any disturbance causes oscillations in frequency, voltage, and real and reactive power. The Power System Stabilizer (PSS) stands out as a re-nowned and effective equipment for damping power system oscillations, extensively explored in studies aimed at enhancing the dynamic stability of power systems. Challenges such as low-frequency fluctuations and the intricate nature of power systems have spurred the application of intelligent methods and optimization algorithms for addressing PSS-related issues. In this paper, a brief review of the studies conducted in the field of meta-heuristic optimization algorithms for PSS design is presented. Meta-heuristic methods are divided into three groups, and based on them, more than 200 articles have been studied in the field of PSS parameter optimization. The balance between exploration and exploitation is a common theme among all meta-heuristic meth-ods. Researchers and practitioners of meta-heuristic optimization methods belong to a wide range of audiences in the fields of power systems optimization, who will benefit from this research Manuscript profile

The most crucial approach for power and control system implementation is optimal power flow because it yields the lowest operating costs and maintains the safety margins for the control variables. An essential component of the flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) is the unified power flow controller (UPFC). It is designed to provide multiple types of energy system compensation and can be utilized for controlling the reactive and active electrical power in transmission lines and bus voltages independently and at the same time. Considerable studies have been published in the UPFC engineering applications area using various techniques. Due to its versatile capabilities, UPFC is recognized as one of the most promising FACTS devices for modern power systems. UPFC is used to improve reactive power mismatch control and system stability. A brief review of UPFC applications for increasing power system flexibility and controllability has been conducted and summarized. This paper also discusses the utilization of artificial intelligence in the placement of UPFC in power systems. Manuscript profile