BACKGROUND: The utilization of substances like salicylic acid and glycine betaine has proven to be beneficial in enhancing plant tolerance to environmental stresses, particularly drought. These compounds act as antioxidants, playing a vital role in diminishing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhancing the efficiency of chloroplasts and promoting the synthesis of protective compounds such as proline. OBJECTIVES: Investigate the use of salicylic acid and glycine betaine on qualitative properties of alfalfa under water stress conditions. METHODS: This research was conducted as split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications during 2018-2019 cropping season at Karaj Botanical Research Institute. The main plots consisted of three levels of irrigation (including full irrigation, cut-off irrigation from the beginning of flowering until the end of the growing season, cut-off irrigation from 50% of flowering until the end of the growing season). The sub-plots included foliar application of stress reducing agents with 5 levels (including control (without foliar spraying), 0.5 mM salicylic acid, 1 mM salicylic acid, 10 mM glycine, and 50 mM glycine). RESULT:The results indicated that water deficit had a significant effect on all the studied traits and the application of stress-reducing agents effectively mitigated the adverse effects of water stress. Among the qualitative properties, the combined treatment of full irrigation and foliar application of glycine betaine yielded the most favorable results. The use of 10 mM glycine betaine is recommended for enhancing alfalfa's response to water stress. In both stress treatments (i.e., cessation of irrigation from the beginning of flowering and cessation of irrigation from 50% of flowering), the use of stress-reducing treatments resulted in a significant reduction in the negative impact of stress on most traits. So, the difference in means between the treatments with and without stress-reducing agents was significant. CONCLUSION: Current research suggests application of stress-reducing agents, such as glycine betaine and salicylic acid, can be beneficial in improving alfalfa's performance under water stress conditions, so contributing to better crop yield and quality. Further research and implementation of these stress-alleviating strategies can offer promising prospects for sustainable alfalfa cultivation in challenging environments. Manuscript profile

BACKGROUND: Growth regulator compounds, especially plant hormones, also affect the plant growth process. OBJECTIVES: Current research was done to investigate the effect of hormonal treatment (gibberellin acid) and physical (cold) treatment on potato micro tuber dormancy, germination speed and yield of two potato cultivars (Banba and Arinda). METHODS: This study was conducted according factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three repetitions in the research laboratories of the Institute of Seed and Seedling Production. The first factor included of the potato variety at two levels (Banba and Arinda), and growth stimulant including gibberellin acid at four levels (0, 25, 50, 100 mg.l-1) belonged to second factor. RESULT: The examined traits included the day until the appearance of the sting, the number of micro tubers, the fresh weight of the tubers, and the length of the stolen. Based on the results obtained from the effect of gibberellin acid concentration on important traits such as the number of micro tubers, stolon length, which shows a high correlation with the fresh weight of the tubers, and the number of days until the appearance of the first bite, which will indicate the effectiveness of this substance in breaking dormancy. CONCLUSION: The concentration of 50 mg of gibberellin acid has the best results and can be recommended to increase the speed of breaking dormancy, as well as more uniformity and more production. Based on the general results of the cultivars used in this experiment, except for the trait of tuber wet weight, which was more in the case of Arinda than Banba, they did not differ much and showed high genetic similarity in the measured traits. Manuscript profile

BACKGROUND: Fertilizer management plays an important role for obtaining satisfactory yields and to increase crop productivity. One of limitation factor in agricultural plants production in dry areas in the water tension at growth step negative effect of water tension on corn growth depends on the time of tension occurrence, the intensity, plant growth and genotype step.OBJECTIVES: This study was done to assess effect of amino acids on alfalfa crop production under water stress condition.METHODS: Current research was conducted according split plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in Karaj Research Farm. The main factor included water stress (S1: full irrigation, S2: Cut off irrigation from the beginning of flowering until the end of the growing season, S3: Cut off irrigation from 50% of flowering until the end of the growing season) and Foliar application of amino acid (A1: without foliar spraying, A2: 0.5 mM salicylic acid, A3: 1 mM salicylic acid, A4: 10 mM glycine, A5: 50 mM glycine) belonged to sub plots.RESULT: The difference between the mean of the traits in the treatments of using the reducing agent and not using these substances were considered significant. The results showed the adverse effect of drought stress on all studied traits and the reduction of its destructive effects by stress reducing agents. In determining the yield of wet and dry forage, the simultaneous use of full irrigation and glycine foliar application was the best treatment.CONCLUSION: According to the results, the use of 10 mM glycine betaine is recommended. In both stress treatments (cessation of irrigation from the beginning of flowering and cessation of irrigation from 50% of flowering) when stress relieving treatments were used, the effect of stress was significantly reduced as in most traits. Manuscript profile

Many varied attitudes exists about how the changes occur in the land-surface from the time William Davis’s researches to the latest researchers in the history of geomorphologic philosophy, and many different terms are used by scientists in order to observe their ideas related to geomorphic phenomena. The phenomenon of duality has been less seen in the geomorphology field. There exist some contradictory phenomena in nature, but further investigation can show their correlation clearly. Durability can be considered as a better dynamic entropy. In this research, radar interferometry technique has been used in Yazd-Bahadoran area, as well as through field and library studies, the amount of subsidence and uplifting has been investigated and the results have been compared with the other researchers' studies, which is a new concept in the literature of geomorphology under geo-duality. The study results indicate that the main reason for the subsidence was not to cut down the level of groundwater, and in this regard the tectonic movements play a significant role. Also, the study shows a significant relationship between subsidence in the Bahadoran plain and the collapse in adjacent heights in terms of duality or dichotomy. Manuscript profile

In general, from ancient times to the present, there are various methods for collecting location-based data, including astronomical observations, photogrammetry, mapping and remote sensing. Remote sensing is one of the data collection methods in which it has the least amount of direct contact with the objects and features being measured and unlike other methods in which human factors play a role in collecting and interpreting terrestrial data, in remote sensing method the task of collecting information will be the responsibility of the sensors. Due to the over-exploitation of natural resources, the landscape is constantly changing and monitoring these changes as well as updating maps is costly and time consuming, so many developed countries now have to prepare maps in Different levels use satellite data. The factors studied in this research include 1 preparation of land cover maps and land use of a part of Khuzestan lands. 2 Evaluation of bio-ecological potential in agricultural development of the study area by weighted overlap method. With regard to collecting information, studying the obtained maps and calculations, determining the criteria, final weights and classification of layers in determining the potential of the region for agricultural use, the amount of changes in agricultural areas between 2014 and 2016 was determined. According to calculations, it is about twelve percent, which according to the changes that have taken place are very significant and show the intensity of the changes in recent years. Loss of vegetation is a factor in increasing wind speed and destroying soil texture and structure. It is also a cause of dust, the result of which can be seen in recent years. Manuscript profile