در این پژوهش، برای حذف رنگ راکتیو قرمز 195 از پساب سنتتیک، از روش‌های اکسیداسیون فتوکاتالیستی و سونوکاتالیستی در حضور نانوذرات اکسید مس استفاده شد. ابتدا نانوذرات CuO با استفاده از عصاره بذر اسپند سنتز شد و صحت سنتز با آزمون‌های XRD، SEM، EDX، FTIR و TEM تأیید گردید. در ادامه، مکانیسم حذف رنگ توسط نانوذرات CuO با مدل‌های سینتیکی شبه درجه اول، شبه درجه دوم، الوویچ و نفوذ درون ذره‌ای مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. جهت مشخص شدن تعادل حذف، از ایزوترم های لانگمویر، فروندلیچ و تمکین در شرایط تاریکی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که متوسط اندازه نانوذرات CuO در حدود nm 33 و مورفولوژی نانوذرات کروی شکل است. حداکثر مقدار حذف رنگ در فرآیند فتوکاتالیستی در شرایط بهینه (4pH=، دوز نانوذرهg 1/0، غلظت رنگmg/L 20 و زمانmin 45) %86 و در فرآیند سونوکاتالیستی در شرایط بهینه (2pH=، دوز نانوذرهg 08/0، غلظت رنگmg/L 20 و زمانmin 45) %58 حاصل شد. با توجه به داده‌های تجربی حاصل از آزمایش و ضرایب همبستگی خطی، سینتیک واکنش در هر دو فرآیند فتوکاتالیستی و سونوکاتالیستی، بیشترین مطابقت را با مدل سینتیکی شبه درجه دوم دارد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که ایزوترم لانگمویر با ضریب همبستگی خطی 964/0 برای توصیف فرآیند تعادلی حذف رنگ توسط نانوذرات اکسید مس در شرایط تاریکی مناسب‌ می‌باشد. Manuscript profile

Mashhad City (located in North-East of Iran) is the second metropolitan city in Iran after capital which is Tehran. Every year, a considerable number of domestic and foreign pilgrims and tourists visit Mashhad and therefore taking air pollution in this city into account would be an inevitable urge. Environmental science engineers have found some solutions by looking at the map of dispersion of pollutants and combining them through Geographic Information System (GIS). In this research Mashhad City’s air pollution data and geographic coordinates of 11 urban air quality monitoring stations have been gathered by referring to Environmental Pollution Monitoring Centre. Data gathered from those 11 stations in the year 2015, including Particulate Matter (PM 2.5), Ozone (O3), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Carbon Dioxide (Co2) were put into Excel (software) and five tables of Mashhad City’s main pollutants (Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Matter 2.5 micro meter) were designed. Then using ARC GIS 9.3 (software), Geographic Information System analysis of dispersion of pollutants in the city was conducted. Finally, the analysis of the condition of air pollutants in Mashhad City was studied. In this study, using existing information on air pollution in Mashhad city and referring to the Environmental Pollution Monitoring Center and using the GIS, we analyzed the air pollution situation in the city and it was observed that in January, it has the highest levels of contamination. The pollutant responsible for this month is suspended particles. Manuscript profile

The textile industry is one of the main consumers of water and the wastewater from this industry is one of the main sources of environmental contamination because they can release high levels of organic compounds into the environment. The chemical compounds of the wastewater, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are highly carcinogenic and toxic and must be treated before release to the environment. Photocatalytic and sonocatalytic processes in the presence of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are among the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which have found increasing popularity due to their high efficiency and no secondary contamination. In this research, CuO NPs were first synthesized using Peganum harmala seed extract. The samples were then evaluated by SEM, XRD, and EDX tests. The degradation efficiency of organic compounds in textile wastewater was explored by photocatalytic and sonocatalytic processes in the presence of copper oxide NPs. The results indicated that the crystallites of the spherical CuO NPs have an average size of 84 nm. According to GC-MS results, decane, undecane, dodecane, naphthalene, decahydro-2,3-dimethyl, methylmethylenecyclohexane, decahydro-1,5-dimethyl, tridecane, tetradecane, and hexadecane composed about 73% of the initial wastewater sample. 100% of 2-methylmethylenecyclohexane, naphthalene, decahydro-1,5-dimethyl, hexadecane, and decahydro-2,3-dimethyl were eliminated by photocatalytic process. The highest (84%) and lowest (52%) sonocatalytic degradation were reported for naphthalene and/or decahydro-2,3-dimethyl, and dodecane, respectively. These values reached about 100% in photocatalytic degradation. UV waves were generally more efficient at removing organic compounds than US treatment. Manuscript profile