Celiac disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory disorder, is triggered by the ingestion of gluten peptide. Wheat gluten contains gliadins and glutenins fractions, where gliadin peptides are the main cause of CD and nonceliac gluten sensitivity development. Keeping a strictgluten-free diet is the only effective treatment for CD. In recent years, lactic acid bacterial and fungal prolyl endopeptidases (PEP) have been proposed as the sources of proteolytic enzymes for the complete elimination of gluten peptides, and have also proved as a potential common therapeutic agent for CD treatment. Considering these indications, a special focus was devoted to AN-PEP-secreted PEP. Herein, we review the proteolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms, especially by the fungal strain, Aspergillus niger (AN), and discuss its beneficial properties against toxic effects of α-gliadin digestion in affected patients. The present review reveals the importance of proteolytic proteases in industrial applications; from an economic perspective, AN-PEP protease is an appropriate choice for making high-quality gluten-free products. Manuscript profile

One of the most effective methods to report organ dose in CT scan (Computed Tomography scan) is to report effective dose. This study aimed to investigate the actual dose during head and neck CT scans using an anthropomorphic head phantom. In this study, an anthropomorphic phantom was constructed with natural bone and paraffin wax. Then, we considered several sites in the phantom to investigate the dose. These sites include the Brain, Thyroid, Parotid, and Lens, which were filled by Gafchromic films. Finally, we irradiated the phantom using several CT protocols.Our findings indicate that the dose of the considered organs was in the different ranges according to the protocol used. The highest dose range was related to the ten-slice spiral, ranging from 0.75 to 15.8 mGy (Mean). We showed the lowest dose range in SPECT-CT which was in the range of 0.55 to 0.1 mGy (Mean). The absorbed dose of the eyes was much higher in most protocols compared to the other organs. There is also the most significant difference between the lens and the other organs in the ten-slice spiral CT. Comparing the 10 and 256 slice scanners; we showed that the organ dose in the 256 slice is less than ten slices. The lowest mean organ dose (mGy) and SD (Standard Deviation) are related to the SPECT CT, which are 0.76±0.03, 0.95±0.02, 0.78±0.02, and 0.71±0.02 for the brain, parotid, lens, and thyroid, respectively. Manuscript profile