Nutritional Value, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Molecular Structures, Mycotoxines and Heavy Metals Concentration of Un-Ripe, Ripe and Sun-Dried Fruit from ‘Sultana’ Grapevine for Ruminants
محورهای موضوعی : Camelم. یاری 1 , م. منافی 2 , م. هدایتی 3 , ر. کریمی 4 , ر. ولی‌زاده 5 , آ. جنکر 6
1 - Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran|Iranian Grape and Raisin Institute, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
4 - Iranian Grape and Raisin Institute, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran|Department of Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
5 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
6 - Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
کلید واژه: ruminants, energy value, mycotoxines, FTIR vibration spectroscopy, grapevine products, in vitro gas production kinetics,
چکیده مقاله :
Grapes and grape-derived products have worldwide importance due to its consumption by human, however, they may also be used for ruminant feeding when their price or quality is low. The objectives of current study were to determine the nutritive value, in terms of chemical composition, in vitro rumen gas production kinetics and predicted nutrient supply, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) molecular structures and mycotoxin and heavy metal contaminants in un-ripe, ripe and sun-dried (raisin) fruits of ‘Sultana’ grapevine for ruminants. Un-ripe fruit had higher nitrogen to total carbohydrate ratio and total phenol and tannin concentration (P<0.05) than ripe and sun-dried grapevine, and tended to have higher vibration spectroscopy peak area related to phenolic compounds and related to structural carbohydrates than ripe and sun dried fruit. Raisin had higher in vitro cumulative gas production at 24 h of incubation (P<0.05). Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 and Ochratoxin A were not detectable in un-ripe and ripe grapevine fruit, while low concentrations were found in raisin (P<0.05). The lead concentration was lower in un-ripe fruit and raisin than in ripe fruit (P<0.05). In conclusion, phenolic compounds and tannins, mycotoxins and heavy metal concentration in un-ripe and ripe fruits and raisin of Sultana’ grapevine were lower than toxic level for animal nutrition and nutrient profile and availability of the grapevine products make it a suitable feed to replace forage in the diet of ruminants.
انگور و محصولات بدست آمده از آن به خاطر مصرف در تغذیه انسان، اهمیت فراوانی در دنیا دارند. با این وجود، این محصولات ممکن است گاهی اوقات به دلیل قیمت و کیفیت پایین در تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان استفاده شود. اهداف این پژوهش تعیین ارزش غذایی انگور رقم بی‌دانه سفید در سه مرحله غوره (خوشه کامل)، رسیده (خوشه کامل)، و کشمش برای نشخوارکنندگان به صورت اندازه‌گیری ترکیب شیمیایی و ویژگی‌های تخمیر‌پذیری به روش تولید گاز در محیط آزمایشگاهی، بررسی ساختار مولکولی با استفاده از روش FTIR (اسپکتروسکوپی مادون قرمز با تبدیل فوریه) و آلودگی‌های عناصر سنگین و سموم قارچی بود. در مقایسه با انگور رسیده و کشمش، غوره نسب نیتروژن به کربوهیدارت، فنول و تانن کل بیشتری داشت (05/0>P) و بیشترین ناحیه پیک مربوط به ترکیبات فنولی و کربوهیدارت‌های ساختاری در بررسی FTIR مربوط به میوه غوره بود (05/0>P). کشمش تولید گاز تجمعی بیشتری در 24 ساعت از انکوباسیون داشت (05/0>P). مقادیر آفلاتوکسین B1، B2، G1 و G2 و آکراتوکسین A در میوه غوره و رسیده ناچیز بود در صورتیکه مقادیر کمی در کشمش مشاهده شد (05/0>P). غلظت سرب در میوه غوره و کشمش کمتر از میوه رسیده بود (05/0>P). در نتیجه، ترکیبات فنولی و تانن‌ها، غلظت سموم قارچی و عناصر سنگین در میوه غوره و رسیده و کشمش انگور بی‌دانه سفید کمتر از سطوح سمی برای تغذیه در نشخوارکنندگان بود و الگو و قابلیت دسترسی مواد مغذی این محصولات، آنها را به عنوان ماده خوراکی مناسب در جیره نشخوارکنندگان ممکن می‌سازد.
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