تحول مهار بازدارنده در پسران دبستانی

محورهای موضوعی : روان‌ شناسی تحولی

الناز غایرین ¹ (کارشناسی ارشد روان شناسی بالینی کودک و نوجوان دانشگاه شهید بهشتی)
حسنا عبداله‌زاده ² (کارشناسی ارشد روان شناسی بالینی کودک و نوجوان دانشگاه شهید بهشتی)
سید جواد عمادی چاشمی ³ (کارشناسی ارشد روان شناسی بالینی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی)
وحید نجاتی ⁴ (دانشیار گروه روان شناسی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی)

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/08/15 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/08/15 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/04/01

کلید واژه: تحول, مهار بازدارنده, پسران دبستانی, فرایند شناختی,

چکیده مقاله :

هدف این پژوهش تعیین تحول مهار بازدارنده در نمونه‌ای از کودکان ایرانی بود. شرکت‌کنندگان پژوهش 90 پسر از پایة‌ اول تا ششم دبستان بودند، که با نمونه‌برداری دردسترس انتخاب شدند. به منظور بررسی نتایج حاصل از عملکرد این کودکان در دو آزمون فلانکر (اریکسن و اریکسن، 1974) و آزمون برو/ نرو (گوردون و کارامازا، 1982) از تحلیل واریانس یکطرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی استفاده شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که در سیر تحول با افزایش سن مهار بازدارنده از چند جهت یعنی سرعت پاسخگویی به هنگام حضور محرک‌های همخوان، سرعت مهار محرک‌های ناهمخوان، دقت و سرعت مرحلة اجرا (برو) ارتقا و توسعه می‌یابد، اما در بازة‌ سنی شش تا نه سال با افزایش سن از جهت دقت مهار (نرو) کاهش مشاهده می‌شود. به طور کلی به نظر می‌رسد مهار بازدارنده با افزایش سن از جنبه‌های گوناگون به اشکال متفاوت توسعه و تحول می‌یابد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of inhibitory control in a sample of Iranian children. In this study participants were ninety boys who studied in elementary school that they were selected by convenience sampling. In this study one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used to evaluate the results of these children's performance in Flanker task (Eriksen &  Eriksen, 1974) and Go/ No go task (first applied by Gordon and Caramazza). The results of this study showed that as age increases, inhibitory control in several directions developed, ie response speed in the presence of congruent stimuli, inhibitory rate of incongruent stimuli, accuracy of execution stage (go) and speed of execution stage (go). But at age six up to nine, in this study the results showed reduction in accuracy of inhibition (no go). It generally seems with age, inhibitory control grows and develops in different ways.

منابع و مأخذ:

Amso, D., & Johnson, S. P. (2005). Selection and inhibition in infancy: Evidence from the spatial negative priming paradigm. Cognition, 95(2), B27-B36.

Ardila, A. (2008). On the evolutionary origins of executive functions. Brain and Cognition, 68(1), 92-99.

Bedard, A. C., Nichols, S., Barbosa, J. A., Schachar, R., Logan, G. D., & Tannock, R. (2002). The development of selective inhibitory control across the life span. Developmental Neuropsychology, 21(1), 93-111.

Blak, B., & Pope, T. (2008). Developmental Psychology: Incorporating Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s Theories in Classrooms. Journal of Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives in Education, 1(1), 59-67.

Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001). Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind. Child Development, 72(4), 1032-1053.

Constantinidis, C., & Luna, B. (2019). Neural Substrates of Inhibitory Control Maturation in Adolescence. Trends in Neurosciences, 42(9), 604-616.

Cragg, L. (2016). The development of stimulus and response interference control in midchildhood. Developmental Psychology, 52(2), 242.

Cueli, M., Areces, D., Garcia, T., Alves, R. A., & Gonzalez-Castro, P. (2020). Attention, inhibitory control and early mathematical skills in preschool students. Psicothema, 32(2), 237-244.

Dawson, P., & Guare, R. (2018). Executive skills in children and adolescents: A practical guide to assessment and intervention. New York: Guilford Publications.

de Bruin, A., & Sala, S. D. (2018). Effects of age on inhibitory control are affected by task-specific features. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(5), 1219-1233.

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168.

Durston, S., Thomas, K. M., Yang, Y., Uluğ, A. M., Zimmerman, R. D., & Casey, B. J. (2002). A neural basis for the development of inhibitory control. Developmental Science, 5(4), F9-F16.

Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & psychophysics, 16(1), 143-149.

Fuhs, M. W., & Day, J. D. (2011). Verbal ability and executive functioning development in preschoolers at head start. Developmental Psychology, 47(2), 404-416.

Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: a review using an integrative framework. Psychological bulletin, 134(1), 31-60.

Ghadiri, F., Jazayeri, A., ashaeri, H., Ghazi Tabatabaei, M. (2006). Deficit in executive functioning in patients with schizo-obsessive disorder. Advances in Cognitive Science, 8(3), 11-24. [In Persian].

Gomez, P., Ratcliff, R., & Perea, M. (2007). A model of the go/no-go task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(3), 389-413.

Gordon, B., & Caramazza, A. (1982). Lexical decision for open-and closed-class words: Failure to replicate differential frequency sensitivity. Brain and Language, 15(1), 143-160.

Hashemi Juzdani, M., Tabibi, Z., Kareshki, H. (2015). The role of executive functions in the development of perception of dangers on the road. Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologist, 12(45), 75-86. [In Persian].

Huizinga, M., Dolan, C. V., & van der Molen, M. W. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2017-2036.

Johnstone, S. J., Dimoska, A., Smith, J. L., Barry, R. J., Pleffer, C. B., Chiswick, D., & Clarke, A. R. (2007). The development of stop-signal and Go/Nogo response inhibition in children aged 7-12 years: performance and event-related potential indices. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 63(1), 25-38.

Jonkman, L. M. (2006). The development of preparation, conflict monitoring and inhibition from early childhood to young adulthood; a Go/Nogo ERP study. Brain Research, 1097(1), 181-193.

Kanemura, H., Aihara, M., Aoki, S., Araki, T., & Nakazawa, S. (2003). Development of the prefrontal lobe in infants and children: a three-dimensional magnetic resonance volumetric study. Brain and Development, 25(3), 195-199.

Karamshahi, A., Abedi, A., & Yarmohamadian, A. (2014). Development of executive functioning in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and normal children: from perschool to the end of primary school. Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologist, 11(42), 209-218. [In Persian].

Kawai, N., Kubo-Kawai, N., Kubo, K., Terazawa, T., & Masataka, N. (2012). Distinct aging effects for two types of inhibition in older adults: a near-infrared spectroscopy study on the Simon task and the flanker task. Neuroreport, 23(14), 819-824.

Kleerekooper, I., van Rooij, S. J., van den Wildenberg, W. P., de Leeuw, M., Kahn, R. S., & Vink, M. (2016). The effect of aging on fronto-striatal reactive and proactive inhibitory control. Neuroimage, 132, 51-58.

Latzman, R. D., Elkovitch, N., Young, J., & Clark, L. A. (2010). The contribution of executive functioning to academic achievement among male adolescents. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(5), 455-462.

Lee, K., Bull, R., & Ho, R. M. (2013). Developmental changes in executive functioning. Child Development, 84(6), 1933-1953.

Lee, K., Ng, S. F., Pe, M. L., Ang, S. Y., Hasshim, M. N. A. M., & Bull, R. (2012). The cognitive underpinnings of emerging mathematical skills: Executive functioning, patterns, numeracy, and arithmetic. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 82-99.

Lewis, F. C., Reeve, R. A., Kelly, S. P., & Johnson, K. A. (2017). Evidence of substantial development of inhibitory control and sustained attention between 6 and 8 years of age on an unpredictable Go/No-Go task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 157, 66-80.

Luna, B., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). The emergence of collaborative brain function: FMRI studies of the development of response inhibition. Annals of the The New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 296-309.

Malenka, R. C., Nestler, E. J., & Hyman, S. E. (2009). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience. China: Mac Graw Hill Education.

Miller, M. R., Giesbrecht, G. F., Müller, U., McInerney, R. J., & Kerns, K. A. (2012). A latent variable approach to determining the structure of executive function in preschool children. Journal of Cognition and Development, 13(3), 395-423.

Ordaz, S. J., Foran, W., Velanova, K., & Luna, B. (2013). Longitudinal growth curves of brain function underlying inhibitory control through adolescence. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(46), 18109-18124.

Petersen, I. T., Hoyniak, C. P., McQuillan, M. E., Bates, J. E., & Staples, A. D. (2016). Measuring the development of Inhibitory control: The challenge of heterotypic continuity. Developmental Review, 40, 25-71.

Sanders, L. M., Hortobágyi, T., Balasingham, M., Van der Zee, E. A., & van Heuvelen, M. J. (2018). Psychometric Properties of a Flanker Task in a Sample of Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 8(3), 382-392.

Schall, J. D., Palmeri, T. J., & Logan, G. D. (2017). Models of inhibitory control. Philosophical Transactions of the The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 372(1718), 1-9.

Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Holmes, C. J., Batth, R., Jernigan, T. L., & Toga, A. W. (1999). Localizing age-related changes in brain structure between childhood and adolescence using statistical parametric mapping. Neuroimage, 9(6), 587-597.

Welsh, M. C., Friedman, S. L., & Spieker, S. J. (2006). Executive Functions in Developing Children: Current Conceptualizations and Questions for the Future. New York: Blackwell Publishing.

Wiebe, S. A., Sheffield, T., Nelson, J. M., Clark, C. A., Chevalier, N., & Espy, K. A. (2011). The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108(3), 436-452.

Williams, B. R., Ponesse, J. S., Schachar, R. J., Logan, G. D., & Tannock, R. (1999). Development of inhibitory control across the life span. Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 205-213.

Willoughby, M. T., Blair, C. B., Wirth, R. J., & Greenberg, M. (2010). The measurement of executive function at age 3 years: Psychometric properties and criterion validity of a new battery of tasks. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 306-317.

Willoughby, M. T., Wirth, R. J., & Blair, C. B. (2012). Executive function in early childhood: Longitudinal measurement invariance and developmental change. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 418-431.

Zelazo, P. D., Anderson, J. E., Richler, J., Wallner‐Allen, K., Beaumont, J. L., & Weintraub, S. (2013). II. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Measuring executive function and attention. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 16-33.

Zhang, T., Mou, D., Wang, C., Tan, F., Jiang, Y., Lijun, Z., & Li, H. (2015). Dopamine and executive function: Increased spontaneous eye blink rates correlate with better set-shifting and inhibition, but poorer updating. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 96(3), 155-161.