Required Growing Degree-Days (GDDs) for each Phenological Stage of Fritillaria imperialis
محورهای موضوعی : Ecology, Autecology and Synecology
Elahe Zafarian
1
(natural resource department of shahrekord university. Iran)
Ataollah Ebrahimi
2
(دانشگاه شهرکرد)
Ali Abbasi
3
(دانشگاه شهرکرد)
Esmaeel Asadi
4
(University of Shahrekord)
کلید واژه: Phenological Stages, Ecotourism, GDD, Crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis),
چکیده مقاله :
Studying plant phenology is very important to regulate the rangeland utilization. Plant phenology can be determined by Growing Degree Days (GDDs). Since temperature varies yearly, the phenological stages may consequently differ yearly. Determining the base temperature is one of the key steps in the calculation of GDDs. The aim of this study was to calculate the required GDDs for each phenological stage to predict phenological stage of Fritillaria imperialis based on GDDs in the consequent years. To do so, Fritillaria bulbs were placed at constant temperatures of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4°C. The length of sprouts as a growth index was measured as a function of temperature. Plant chronology was recorded in three day intervals from March 1st, 2016 in the field and the date of each phenological stage was recorded in the form of an index developed by combining Fick and Haun indices. Then, 20 plant individuals were selected in Dasht-e-Laleh of Kouhrang County, Iran and their growth stages were recorded. Meanwhile, the required amount of accumulated GDDs (AGDDs) to reach each phenological stage was also calculated. Results showed that Fritillaria imperialis began the sprouting (phase E) after receiving 130.75 GDDs on March 23rd, 2016. The emergence of leaves began on 27th March with 166.30 GDDs and finished on 9th April. Finally, this plant on 9th May received 560 AGDDs and went to senescence. Based on the phenological data, when the plant received 240 AGDDs, flowering stage started. The most appropriate time for tourist entrance is in the R2 stage (flower opening) when the plant receives 298.8 AGDDs and the best exit time is when the plant receives 359.2 AGDDs. So, the relationship between phenological stages of the plant and GDDs will be useful in visiting the site in terms of ecotourism and determining proper visit times.
Akbarzade, M., Mirhaji, T., 2002. Phenology study of several important species of the Ploor area. Iranian Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Range and Desert Research, 7: 121 - 140. (In Persian)
Akhtar, M. N., Choudhary, M. I., Sener. B., Erdogan, I., Tsuda, Y., 2003. New class of steroidal alkaloids from Fritillaria imperialis. Phytochemistry,63(1): 115-122.
Arnold, C. Y., 1959. The determination and significance of the base temperature in a linear heat unit system. In Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci, 3. Paris. 574 pp.
Azarnivand, H., Tarkesh Esfahani, M., Basiri, M., Saeedfar, M., Zarechahouki, A., 2010. Investigation on phenology of Bromus tomentellus using growing degree-days index. Jour. Watershed Management Research(Pajouhesh and Sazandegi), 89: 2 - 6. (In Persian).
Baghdadi, E., Jafari, A.A., Alizadeh, M.A., Gorji, A.H., 2013. Studying the Impacts of Cold Temperature on Morphological and Phenological Development of Poa pratensis and Poa trivialis Regarding GDD. Journal of Rangeland Science, 3(3): 223-230.
Bertiller, M., Beeskow, A., Coronato, F., 1991. Seasonal environmental variation and plant phenology in arid Patagonia (Argentina). Jour. Arid Environments, 21(1): 1-11.
Dunne, J. A., Harte, J., Taylor, K. J., 2003. Subalpine meadow flowering phenology responses to climate change: integrating experimental and gradient methods.Jour. Ecological Monographs, 73(1): 69-86.
Ehsani, A. and Zandi Esfahan, E., 2015. The role of Halocnemum strobilaceum phenology on grazing management and sustainable utilization of rangeland forage. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 7(2): 401-404.
Forrest, J., Inouye, D.W., Thomson, J.D., 2010. Flowering phenology in subalpine meadows: Does climate variation influence community co‐flowering patterns? Ecology, 91(2): 431-440.
Frank, A., Hofmann, L., 1989. Relationship among grazing management, growing degree-days, and morphological development for native grasses on the Northern Great Plains. Journal of Range Management, 42(3): 199-202.
Frank, A., Sedivec, K., Hofmann. L., 1993. Determining grazing readiness for native and tame pastures. North Dakota State Univ. Ext. Serv. Bull. R1061, Mandan, USA.
Haun, J., 1973. Visual Quantification of Wheat Development 1. Agronomy Journal, 65(1): 116-119.
Jordan, G. L., Haferkamp, M.R., 1989. Temperature responses and calculated heat units for germination of several range grasses and shrubs. Journal of Range Management, 42(1): 41-45.
Kalu, B., Fick, G., 1981. Quantifying morphological stage of maturity as a predictor of alfalfa herbage quality. Crop Science, 23: 267-271.
Keneshloo, H., Ameri, H., 2012. A Study on phenology of Atriplex griffithii for optimal management in the Aftar rangelands of Semnan. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 19(2): 344-354. (In Persian).
Kolahi, M., Atri, M., 2014. The Effect of Ecological Factors on Vegetation in Hamedan Alvand Region (Iran). International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 3: 489-496.
Lambert, A.M., Miller-Rushing, A.J., Inouye, D.W., 2010. Changes in snowmelt date and summer precipitation affect the flowering phenology of Erythronium grandiflorum (Glacier lily; Liliaceae). American Journal of Botany, 97(9): 1431-1437.
Miller, P., Lanier, W., Brandt, S., 2001. Using growing degree days to predict plant stages. Ag/Extension Communications Coordinator, Communications Services, Montana State University-Bozeman, Bozeman, MO.
Moghadam, M.R., 2005. Rangelands and rangeland management. Tehran University Press. (In Persian).
Morren C., 1849. Le Globe, le Temps et la Vie. Bulletins de l’Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 16 (2):660–684.
Mozaffarian, V., 1996. Encyclopedia of Iranian plants’ names. Tehran University Press, 671 pages. (In Persian).
Moore, K., Moser, L.E., Vogel, K.P., Waller, S.S., Johnson, B., Pedersen, J. F., 1991. Describing and quantifying growth stages of perennial forage grasses. Agronomy, 83(6): 1073-1077.
Perryman, B., Laycock, W., Bruce, L., Crane, K., Burkhardt, J., 2005. Range readiness is an obsolete management tool: Range readiness is an outdated practice forcing rangeland managers into management situations that are detrimental to the natural resource base. Rangelands, 27(2): 36-41.
Prentice, I.C. Cramer, w., Harrison S.P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R. A., Solomon, A. M, 1992. Special paper: a global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. Journal of biogeography, 19(2): 117-134.
Qelichnia, H., 2001. Distribution and ecology of 36 aromatic species in the Mazandran. Ministry of Agriculture, Research and Education Jihad Publishing, pages 25 -27. (In Persian).
Saavedra, F., Inouye, D.W., Price, M.V., Harte, J., 2003. Changes in flowering and abundance of Delphinium nuttallianum (Ranunculaceae) in response to a subalpine climate warming experiment. Global Change Biology, 9(6): 885-894.
Saeedfar, M. and Rasti, M., 2000. Phenology study of plants in Hana rangelands, Semirom. Iranian Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Bult. Code: 231(2), 80 -116. (In Persian).
Sanderson, M.A., Moore, K.J., 1999. Switchgrass morphological development predicted from day of the year or degree day models. Agronomy journal, 91(4): 732-734.
Sanadgol, A., 2003. The short-term effects of two grazing systems and three grazing intensities on the phenology of Bromus tomentellus. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 10(3): 321-337.
Shim, D., Lee, K.-J., Lee, B.-W., 2017. Response of phenology- and yield-related traits of maize to elevated temperature in a temperate region. The Crop Journal, 5(4): 305-316.
Tarkesh, M., 2002. Phenology study of some plant species in rangelands using GDD and its role in rangeland management. M.sc. Thesis, Department of Natural Resources, Tehran University. (In Persian).
Thompson, J.N., 1990. Coevolution and the evolutionary genetics of interactions among plants and insects and pathogens. In: Burdon, J.J., Leather, S.R. (Editors), Pests, pathogens and plant communities. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 249-271.
Walker, J.W., Heitschmidt, R., 1986. Effect of various grazing systems on type and density of cattle trails. Journal of Range Management, 39(5): 428-431.
Weber, K.T., 2001. A method to incorporate phenology into land cover change analysis. Journal of range management, 54(2): A1-A7.
Zarekia, S., Ehsani, A., Zare, N., Mirhaji, T., 2011. Phenology study of Astragalus chaborasicus, Poa sinaica, Stipa hohenackeriana calculated by growing degree days (GDD) in Khoshkrood Saveh region. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 18(3): 474-485.
