اشارات و مضامین برساخته از مشاغل در اشعار دورة تیموری
محورهای موضوعی : ادبیات تطبیقی (فارسی- انگلیسی)
علی کابیلی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، واحد اهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهر، ایران )
مریم محمدزاده
2
( گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، واحد اهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهر، ایران.)
رضا آقایاری زاهد
3
(استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیّات فارسی، واحد اهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهر - ایران)
کلید واژه: دورة تیموری, شعرا, مشاغل دولتی و درباری¬, مشاغل خدماتی, مشاغل صنعتی و تجاری,
چکیده مقاله :
یکی از طرق شناخت دقیق جامعه و زندگی فردی و اجتماعی، شناخت شیوه¬های کسب و کار آن جامعه است. با توجّه به اینکه دورة تیموری از ادوار کمتر شناخته شدة تاریخ ایران است، در این پژوهش، با هدف معرفی مشاغل دورة تیموری، با گردآوری اطلاعات، به روش کتابخانه¬ای و روش نگارش، توصیفی به واکاوی و شناسایی مشاغل دورة تیموری از خلال اشعار عهد پرداخته می¬شود تا اولاً مشخص شود که در این دوره که تیمور در آن به احیای نظام پیشه¬وری و اعتلای بازرگانی پرداخت چه مشاغلی در ایران وجود داشته است؟ ثانیاً ضمن آشنا کردن خوانندگان با اقسام مناصب، واژگان و اصطلاحات مرتبط با مشاغل در اشعاری که در دورۀ تیموری به کار رفته، تحلیل و بررسی شود تا ضمن آشنایی با اشارات و مضامین برساختۀ شعرا از این مشاغل، گامی دیگر در راه شناساندن هر چه بیشتر آثار ادبی فارسی و بالاخص دورة تیموری برداشته شود. یافته¬ها نشان می¬دهد که مشاغل گوناگون دولتی و درباری¬، خدماتی، صنعتی و تجاری در این عهد رایج بود. برخی از این مشاغل و حِرَف منسوخ شده و امروزه رواج ندارند و برخی نیز جای خود را به مشاغل مشابهی¬ داده¬اند. شعرای این عهد، واژگان و اصطلاحات مرتبط با مشاغل و حِرَف را در راه نیل به مقاصدی مانند آفرینش¬های ادبی، القای اندیشة هنری و مضمون آفرینی به خدمت گرفته¬اند.
The recognition of business methods of a society is known as one of the different approaches to gain an accurate knowledge of that society and the individual and social lives of the people. Since the Teimurid era has been a vaguely understood era throughout the history in Iran, the present research is going to investigate about the introduction of occupations and professions in the Teimurid’s era through collecting the data using a library study method utilizing a descriptive research method to probe and recognize the existence of different jobs within the Teimurid era looking through different poems composed in that historical period. We have done the current study to recognize which occupations and posts were present in the Teimurid’s era through which Teimur tried to revive the business movement and expanded the different businesses. Then, we have tried to acknowledge the readers about the different posts, vocabularies and expressions related with different jobs mentioned in the poems composed within the Teimurid’s era. We would like to investigate and analyze how these expressions and hints were referred to by the different poets and enlighten the readers about literary works in Persian specifically in the Teimurid’s era. Findings showed that there have been different governmental, industrial, and business occupations and services in that era. Some of these occupations and professions are extinct now and some have been changed into other similar jobs. The poets of this era have utilized many vocabularies and expressions related with different occupations and professions in order to achieve several goals such as literary creativeness, inspiration of artistic thoughts, and the creation of novel concepts.
References
1. Ahli-e-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn-e-Yousof (1965). Divan of poems. Collected by Hamed Rabbani, Tehran, Ibn-e-Sina Publications.
2. Amiralishir Navaee (1963). Divan of Amiralishir Navaee. Collected by Roknoldin Homayoun Farrokh, Tehran, Ibn-e-Sina Publications.
3. Amirshahi-e-Sabzevari (1969). Divan of Amirshahi-e-Sabzevari. Revised and with marginal notes by Saeid Hamidian, Tehran, Ibn-e-Sina Publications.
4. Anvari, Hassan (1994). Expressions in Divans of Saljoghid era and Ghaznavi era. Tehran, Tahmouri Publications.
5. Ashrafzadeh, Reza (2007). An encyclopedia of recovering the literary concepts from traditional works of literature. Mashad, Sokhangostar Publications.
6. Asiri-e-Lahiji (1974). Divan of poems and writings. Collected by Barat Zanjani, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications.
7. Dehkhoda, Aliakbar (1998). Encyclopedia. Tehran. University Publications.
8. Ghasem Anvar (1998). Divan of Ghasem Anvar. Revised and compared and started with an introduction by Saeid Nafisi, Tehran, Sanaee Publications.
9. Hafez, Ebru (2001). Zobdatoltavarikh. Revised by Seyed Kamal Haj Seyed Javadi, Ministry of Cultural and Islamic Guidance Publications.
10. Helali-e-Joghataee (1989). Divan of Helali-e-Joghataee. Corrected by Saeid Nafisi, Tehran, Ibn-e-Sina Publications.
11. Hekmatnia, Amirhossein (2016). The trails of traditional occupations and local industries on names of lanes and porches in traditional structure of Shiraz. City Construction Conference, Management and Development Publications.
12. Ibn-e-Khaldoon (2006). An introduction into Ibn-e-Khaldoon’s work. Translated by Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
13. Ighbal Ashtiani, Abbas (1986). The history of Mongols. Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications.
14. Jami, Abdolrahman (1999). Divan of Jami. With introduction and revision by Aaalakhan Afsahzad, Tehran, Miras-e-Maktoub Publications.
15. Kabili, Ali; Mohammadzadeh, Maryam; Aghayari-e-Zahed, Reza (2023). Economic and cultural sociology based on the inclusion of occupations and professions in poems in Teimurid’s era. Journal of The Stylistics Investigations of Persian Poetry and Prose. Accepted to be published in Summer 2024.
16. Keivani, Mahdi (2013). The craftsmen and their lifestyles during Safavid’s era. Translated by Yazdan Farrokhi, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications.
17. Khalaf-e-Tabrizi, Mohammadhossein (1951). Absolute Reasoning. Collected by Mohammad Moein, Tehran, Zavvar Publications.
18. Moein, Mohammad (2009). Moein Encyclopedia. Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications.
19. Nafisi, Aliakbar (1976). Nafisi Encyclopedia. Tehran, Khayyam Publications.
20. Orouji, Fatemeh & Bita (2006). Occupations and craftsmen in history of Iran after the emergence of Islam in Iran. Journal of Irannameh, Year 26, No. 3 and 4.
21. Padeshah, Mohammad (1978). Ann and Raj. Compiled by Dabir Siaghi, Tehran, Khayyam Publications.
22. Rashidaldin Fazlollah-e-Hamedani (1994). Jame-al-Tavarikh (Overall History). Collected by Mohammad Roushanzamir and Mostafa Mousavi, Tehran, Miras-e-Maktoub Publications.
23. Rezaei, Mohammad (2017). The industries and craftsmen in Tabriz and help rituals in tenth Hijri century. The First National Conference on Helping Rituals and Heroic Culture, Iran, Isfarayen.
24. Rezazadeh, Nasrin; Mohammadzadeh, Maryam; Sadeghinejhad, Ramin (2019). A comparative study of social rituals and traditions in Iranian branch of Safavid era, Comparative Literature Researches, Third year, No. 6.
25. Samaei-e-Dastjerdi, Masoumeh; Allahyari, Fridoon; Foroghi-e-Abri, Asghar (2016). Studying the social status of artists and industrial craftsmen during Teimurid’s era. Journal of Islam and Iran History, Year 27, New Edition, No. 29, PP. 81-106.
26. Samarghandi, Kamaloldin Abdolrazzagh (2004). An introduction into Sadeen and Collection of Bahreen. Collected by Abdolhossein Navaee, Tehran, Research Bureau Publications.
27. Seirafian, Mohammad (2018). Previous craftsmen (knowing the occupations in previous century). Isfahan, Mana Publications.
28. Shah Nematollah, Bita ----- . Divan of Poems. With an introduction by Saeid Nafisi, Tehran, Baran Publications.
29. Shami, Nezamoldin (1984). Zafarnameh (Conquering letter). Collected by Panahi-e-Semnani, Tehran, Bamdad Publications.
30. Shamisa, Sirous (1998). The encyclopedia of concepts in Persian literature. Tehran, Ferdous Publications.
31. Sharden, Knight John (1993). Logbook. Translated by Ighbal Yaghmaee, Tehran, Tous Publications.
32. Zarei, Meisam; Pakdel, Masoud (2023). A look at extinct professions in Boostan. Journal of Persian Language and Literature in Fasa, Year 14, No. 1, PP. 77-95.
33. ----------- (2002). Sokhan unabridged Dictionary. Tehran, Sokhan Publications.
34. ----------- (2006). Haft Orang. Corrected by Morteza Modarres Gilani, Tehran, Asatir Publications.
