توسعه پایدار یا ناپایدار؟: مقایسه اقتصادی صنایع انرژی¬بَر با سودآوری خدمات اکوسیستمی در شهرستان تیران
محسن سرشاد 1 , حسین آذرنیوند 2 , محمدعلی زارع چاهوکی 3 , حامد رفیعی 4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی رشته علوم مرتع، گروه احیای مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
2 - استاد گروه احیای مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران
3 - استاد گروه احیای مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران
4 - استادیار گروه اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
کلید واژه: آلایندگی, توسعه پایدار, سرانه درآمد, کالا و خدمات اکوسیستم, ناکارآمدی زیست‌محیطی,
چکیده مقاله :
رشد صنعت در کشوهای در حال توسعه علی‌رغم ایجاد اشتغال قابل‌توجه، با هزینههای جانبی اجتماعی- زیست محیطی بالایی همراه است. در این کشورها ارزیابی ظرفیت‌های هر دو بخش صنعت و منابع زیست محیطی در ایجاد اشتغال با لحاظ نمودن هزینههای جانبی مانند آلایندهها برای آگاهی جامعه و ایجاد اشتغال همسو با توسعه پایدار ضروری است. بر همین اساس این مطالعه با ارزیابی خدمات و کالاهای اکوسیستمی و مقایسه با ارزش خالص صنایع آلاینده با اعمال هزینههای اجتماعی- زیست محیطی در شهرستان تیران (اصفهان) در سال 1402 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تعداد واحدهای فعال و نوع و مقدار سوختهای فسیلی مورد مصرف از اداره صنایع و معادن شهرستان و هزینههای اجتماعی- زیست‌محیطی آلایندهها از گزارش‌های وزارت نیرو استخراج و محاسبات آماری با استفاده از فرمول‌های تجربی انجام شد. بر اساس نتایج، هر دو بخش صنعت و منابع زیست محیطی شهرستان نقش مهمی در اشتغال و اقتصاد داشت، اما هزینههای جانبی صنعت به شدت بالا بود. به عبارتی بسیاری از صنایع منطقه، آلاینده، غیرسودآور و با ناکارآمدی محیطی بالا بودند. بررسی هزینه نهایی صنایع نشان داد بسیاری از فعالیتهای تولیدی و تبدیلی بخش صنعت هزینه نهایی بالایی داشتند. همچنین بخش‌های گوناگون فرآوری، تولیدی و تبدیلی، ناکارآمدی زیست‌محیطی قابل‌توجهی را در بین صنایع داشتند. از نظر مالی ارزش سالانه کل کالاها/ خدمات اکوسیستمی معادل 1/136,440,780 میلیونریال، ارزش سالانه کل کالاهای اکوسیستمی معادل 5/21,130,944 میلیونریال و ارزش کل محصولات بخش صنعت 8/12,166,834 میلیونریال در سال است. همچنین سرانه درآمد نیروی کار در بخش صنعت و مشاغل مبتنی بر اکوسیستم به‌ترتیب معادل 216/273 و 364/704 میلیونریال در سال است. به‌طور کلی، بدون در نظر گرفتن اثرات مخرب نامشخص صنایع بر کالاها/ خدمات اکوسیستمی با تحمیل هزینههای اجتماعی- رفاهی و زیست‌محیطی ناشی از انتشار آلایندهها، بسیاری از صنایع فعال در این منطقه سودآوری کمی داشته و به نظر میرسد سرمایه‌گذاری برای اشتغال مبتنی بر اکوسیستم به پایداری نزدیک‌تر است.
Despite creating significant employment, the growth of the industry in developin countries is associated with high social-environmental costs. In theses regions, it is necessary to evaluate the capacities of both industry sectors and environmental resources in creating employment, taking into account marginal costs such as pollutants, for the society's awareness and creating employment in line with the sustainable development. Here, this study was investigated by evaluating ecosystem services and goods and comparing with the net value of polluting industries by applying social-environmental costs in Tiran city (Isfahan) in 2023. The informaton of the active indusrial units, and the type and amount of fossil fuels consumed were obtained from the industries and mines department of the Tiran, and the social-environmental costs of pollutants were extracted from the reports of the Ministry of Energy and statistical calculations were performed using empirical formulas. According to the results, both industry and environmental resources of the city played an important role in employment and economy, but the marginal costs of the industry are extremely high. In other words, many industries in the region are polluting, unprofitable and with high environmental inefficiency. Examining the marginal cost of industries showed that many production and transformation activities in the industrial sector have a high marginal cost. Also, various sectors of processing, production and conversion had significant environmental inefficiencies among industries. Financially, the annual value of all ecosystem goods/services was equal to 136440780.1 million Rials, the annual value of all ecosystem goods was equal to 21130944.5 million Rials, and the total value of industry products was 12166834.8 million Rials per year. Also, the per capita income of a worker in the industry sector and ecosystem-based jobs was 273.216 and 704.364 million Rials per year, respectively. In general, without taking into account the uncertain destructive effects of industries on ecosystem goods/services, by imposing social-welfare and environmental costs due to the release of pollutants, many industries active in this area have little profitability and it seems that investing for ecosystem-based employment is closer to sustainability.
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