بروز مدرنیسم در معماری ترکیه و تقابل با جنبشهای ملی معماری
محورهای موضوعی : معماری
حمید ماجدی
1
(دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران)
جمال الدین سهیلی
2
(استادیار دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قزوین)
کلید واژه: Modernism, هویت ملی, national identity, ترکیه, Turkey, مدرنیسم, معماری مدرن, جنبشهای ملی معماری, modern architectural, national architectural movements,
چکیده مقاله :
بروز مدرنیسم و تقابل با ملی گرایی در معماری ترکیه نتیجه جریانات فکری این کشور در عرصه های اجتماعی و سیاسی بوده است،به گونه ای که نفوذ مدرنیسم در ترکیه از اواخر امپراطوری عثمانی با مطرح نمودن برنامه تنظیمات که با هدف نوسازی و روزآمد شدن جنبه های حکومتی بود،آغاز شد. با تغییر نهادهای حکومتی عثمانی و جایگزینی حکومت جمهوری به رهبری آتاتورک ضمن انجام اصلاحاتی بنیادین در امور سیاسی ،اجتماعی کشور ترکیه ،توجه به اقتدار تاریخی امپراطوری عثمانی مورد توجه قرار داشت. این مقاله در صدد است در ابتدا زمینه های بحران هویت ملی و تقابل با مدرنیسم غربی در شرایط اجتماعی و سیاسی ترکیه را مورد مطالعه قرار داده تا زمینه های نفوذ تفکرات مدرنیسم غرب در امپراطوری عثمانی قابل بررسی شود. سپس جریانهای فکری معماری معاصر ترکیه از 1920تا1950 مورد بررسی قرار میگیرد و چگونگی تقابلات بین بروز مدرنیسم با ظهور جنبشهای ملی معماری در ترکیه نتیجه گیری خواهد شد.
Ottoman revivalism in Turkish Contemporary architecture known as the first national architectural movement in 1920s, was abolished with emergence of modernism in 1930 s and drew the attentions again in 1940 s.The 1930s was a decade of attempts, improvement and change. The construction activities were programmed to display this.While it is difficult to state that this display had a distinct from, this form would characterize the 1930s as aversion of modern functionalism. May be the attitude of the administrators was never in the course of imposing a certain style.Only the Ottoman revivalist style displaying the old culture was abandoned because it was considered to be an anachronism. What was sought was an expression to represent the desired level of civilization and which came first with the Republic as in the foundation of Ankara. The tendency to modern architecture was conceived as a necessity of being contemporary and as one of completing elements of passing from the culture of Islamic/Eastern origin to that of the Western culture. During the years of revolution when the ties with the old older of society were cut one by one, the Republication staff must have evaluated the new architecture as a symbol to reflect the political radicalism. In summary, an expectation of being contemporary in architecture was born as it was in all of the order fields. This was a tendency that was not detailed and did not use the specific concepts and terms of architecture, but whit the specific direction. From this perspective, it can be said that the role of the administration in determining in the arrival of modern architecture to Turkey was significant. Emergence of modernism and it's encounter with nationalism in Turkish architecture has been a result of intellectual flows in political and social arenas in a way that the influence of modernism in Turkey began with introducing a plan know as Tanzimat with the aim of renewing and updating governmental aspects . With changing Ottoman governmental entities and replacement of republic system under the leadership of Attaturk , there was a focus on historical authority of Ottoman Impire besides starting fundamental reforms in political and social affairs of Turkey . It seems that this encounter in fact intended to satisfy public regarding the presence of modernism and keeping the public past values a live. This article seeks to study the bases of national identity crisis and encounter with western modernism in Turkish social and political situations in order to investigate the grounds of penetration of western modernistic thoughts in to Ottoman Impire. Then efforts by Turkish government in order to create an interaction between nationalists and modernism advocates are introduced. In order to study the manner of interaction between modernism and nationalistic trends in Turkish architecture, a brief review on Turkish architectural nationalism was conducted from the historical view point.Finally the intellectual trends of Turkish contemporary architecture from 1920-1950 are examined and the quality of interaction between the emergence of modernism and the appearance of national architectural movements are concluded.
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