پارادایم پر و خالی در معماری بومی ایران: ابعاد شکلی – کالبدی
محورهای موضوعی : معماری و شهرسازیزهرا احمدی 1 , فرح حبیب 2 , محمد نقی زاده 3
1 - دکتری معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده عمران، معماری و هنر، واحد علوم تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - استاد گروه معماری، دانشکده عمران، معماری و هنر، واحد علوم تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده عمران، معماری و هنر، واحد علوم تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران ایران
کلید واژه: تضاد, خالی, معماری, کالبد, شکل,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: به دلیل ادراک محدود و نادرست انسان معاصر از مفهوم خالی، در شهرها و معماری امروز، فضاهای تهی و بی هویت جایگزین فضاهای خالی شدهاند، درنتیجه خالیها بهاندازه قسمتهای پر، اهمیت و اعتبار ندارند. بنا بر فرضیه این تحقیق؛ در معماری بومی محوریت و اصالت با خالیهاست. بر همین مبنا تحقیق پیش رو باهدف استمرار ارزشهای معماری بومی در جهت ارتقا معماری معاصر، درصدد درک مفهوم خالی و تبیین نقش آن در معماری بومی است. لذا مدار این تحقیق بر حول پاسخگویی به این مساله میچرخد که فضای خالی چه نقشی در شکل و کالبد معماری بومی ایران و بهطور خاص در معماری خانههای یزد دارد؟ روش بررسی: تحقیق در ابتدا پیرامون چیستی مفهوم خالی کنکاش میکند و به تدوین ارکانی برای مفهوم خالی میپردازد. پسازآن کیفیت تحقق این ارکان را در ابعاد کالبدی - شکلی، در پنجخانه بومی یزد مورد آزمون قرار میدهد. تحقیق بامطالعه کیفی صورت گرفته و ابزار گرداوری داده ها، مشاهدات عینی و مطالعه منابع مکتوب می باشد. یافتهها: تجلی مفهوم خالی مقارن باوجود دو عنصر یا کیفیت متضاد است بهگونهای که دو امر متضاد را بی آن که یکی بر دیگری فرو بکاهد به یکدیگر بپیوندد. بر اساس یافته های نظری تحقیق، تجلی مفهوم خالی مشروط به وجود سه رکن است. رکن اول: تضاد (همبود دو عنصر متضاد)، رکن دوم: تعامل، رکن سوم: تعادل. بحث و نتیجهگیری: نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد خالی بهعنوان مفهومی تعالی بخش ماحصل وجود عناصر متضاد، همزیستی و تعامل آنها و در پی آن به تعادل و وحدت رسیدن آنهاست. معماران خانههای یزد، با ادراک ضرورت همنشینی زوج های متضاد و با شناخت مؤلفههایی چون هندسه، رنگ، نور و محصوریت موجبات تعامل ازواج متضاد و در پی آن تعادل آنها را فراهم کرده اند و مفهوم تأثیرگذار خالی را در ابعاد شکلی و کالبدی این خانهها متبلور ساخته اند بهنحویکه در این معماری اصالت و محوریت با خالیهاست.
Background and Objective: Emptiness is a concept that appears in form and content. Beyond the meaning of being and not being .On the other hand Existential Identity depends on the dialectical relationship of that thing with its opposites. This study seeks to clarify the role of this concept in the vernacular architecture of Iran By understanding the concept of emptiness. Method: The research, by explaining the principles of empty concept, has investigated the quality of the realization of this concept in the form of fabric dimensions of Yazd's houses. The three pillars obtained from theoretical foundations were tested in five vernacular houses in Yazd. The research was conducted with qualitative study, and data collection tools: field observations, and the study of written resources. Findings: The emergence of empty concept coincides with two elements or opposite qualities in such a way that the two opposites are interconnected without diminishing one another. Based on theoretical findings, the expression of the empty concept is conditional on the existence of three pillars: The first: the contradiction, the second: interaction, the third: balance and unity. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on research emptiness as a sublime concept is the result of the existence of opposing elements, their interaction and their unity. Vernacular architects with the perception of the necessity of the conjunction of the opposing couples and by recognizing the elements such as geometry, color, light, have caused the interaction of the opposites and their balance and they have come up with an empty concept in the form and fabric of these houses.
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- Etezdi L. Zen and the architecture of Japan. Scientific Journal of Soffeh. 2000 Spring & Summer 10 (30) : 44-67 (In Persian)
- Ardalan N. Bakhtiar L. Sense of unity. Jalili V. Ehsan T. (translator). Tehran: Publication of the Science of Royal Architect; 2011: 93 (In Persian)
- Madadpour M. Truth and Religious Art. Surah Mehr; 2009 (In Persian)
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- Zevi B. How to look at architecture.Translator Graman F. Tehran Shahidi Publishing ; 2008 (In Persian)
- Falahat M. The role of the physical design in the sense of the place of the mosque. The Journal of Fine Arts. 2005 summer (22): 57-66. (In Persian)
- Dehkhoda A. Dehkhoda Dictionary, Second Edition. Tehran. Publisher of the Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University; 1998 (6): 23559. (In Persian)
- Qizilbash M. Aboulzia F. The traditional alphabet of Yazd. Tehran: Publications of the Ministry of Culture 1985 (In Persian)
- Memarian G. Kazempour H. Soheil N. Mazaherian H. Geometric Analysis and Geometric Analysis of Yazdi Design in Iranian Architecture. Journal of Fine Arts Architecture and Urbanism. 2017. Spring 22(1):46-53 (In Persian)
- Pakzad J. Theoretical Foundations and Urban Design Process. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. 2006. (In Persian)
- Azizolahi A. Investigating the Empty Space in Iranian Painting Works and Comparing them with the Far East. Master's Thesis .Islamic Azad University. Tehran Branch.2013 (In Persian)
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- Burckhardt T. The void in Islamic art studies in comparative Religion.1970. 4(2). (spring: www. Studiescomparativereligion.com)
- Nasr S. Islamic art and Spirituality. Tehran. publishing Hekmat.2010: 197-203 (In Persian)
- Naghizadeh M. Kaaba aesthetics. Religious art. 2004 spring and summer 19-20: 72-128. (In Persian)
- Fosnaugh A. Activating the Void[s]: Explorations in Absences thesis for MA. University of Cincinnati. The school of architecture and interior designe and planning the college of designe. 2007 Architecture.art.
- JIN B. Kitaro Nishida’s Philosophy of Emptiness and Its Architectural Significance. Pennsylvania State University. 2008. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi.
- David A. Dilworth Introduction and Postscript in Kitaro Nishida Last Writings: Nothingness and the Religious Worldview, David A. Dilworth, trans. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 1987: 5–6, 130–31.
- Moin M. Persian culture. 20th edition Amir Kabir Publishing; 2003 (1):1392 (In Persian)
- Burkhart T. Nasri A. (translator) Basics of Islamic Art. Tehran: Haghighat Publications. 2007: 121-118.( Persian)
- Esmati S. Passing on the Heraclitus philosophical views. Magazine Marefat. 2001 ( 42) : 41-49.( In Persian)
- Kitaro N. Complete Works (Nishida Kitaro Zenshu) .Tokyo: Iwanami shoten. 1947: 217–19, 229–31
- Biparva M. The effect of the empty concept of Dao's thinking on the empty space of Chinese painting. Journal of Art .2002 Winter (54): 174-189 (In Persian)
- Etezdi L. Zen and the architecture of Japan. Scientific Journal of Soffeh. 2000 Spring & Summer 10 (30) : 44-67 (In Persian)
- Ardalan N. Bakhtiar L. Sense of unity. Jalili V. Ehsan T. (translator). Tehran: Publication of the Science of Royal Architect; 2011: 93 (In Persian)
- Madadpour M. Truth and Religious Art. Surah Mehr; 2009 (In Persian)
- Noghrekar A. et al. Theoretical Foundations of Architecture. Tehran: University of Science and Technology; 2007. (In Persian)
- Zevi B. How to look at architecture.Translator Graman F. Tehran Shahidi Publishing ; 2008 (In Persian)
- Falahat M. The role of the physical design in the sense of the place of the mosque. The Journal of Fine Arts. 2005 summer (22): 57-66. (In Persian)
- Dehkhoda A. Dehkhoda Dictionary, Second Edition. Tehran. Publisher of the Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University; 1998 (6): 23559. (In Persian)
- Qizilbash M. Aboulzia F. The traditional alphabet of Yazd. Tehran: Publications of the Ministry of Culture 1985 (In Persian)
- Memarian G. Kazempour H. Soheil N. Mazaherian H. Geometric Analysis and Geometric Analysis of Yazdi Design in Iranian Architecture. Journal of Fine Arts Architecture and Urbanism. 2017. Spring 22(1):46-53 (In Persian)
- Pakzad J. Theoretical Foundations and Urban Design Process. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. 2006. (In Persian)
- Azizolahi A. Investigating the Empty Space in Iranian Painting Works and Comparing them with the Far East. Master's Thesis .Islamic Azad University. Tehran Branch.2013 (In Persian)