ارزیابی سطح آلودگی فلزات سنگین در خاک کشاورزی منطقه سر پل ذهاب کرمانشاه (مطالعه موردی:آرسنیک،سرب و کادمیوم)
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت محیط زیست
نسرین چوبکار
1
(دانشیارگروه منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
فرید پارسا
2
(دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران.)
کلید واژه: فلزات سنگین, آرسنیک, سرب, کادمیوم, دشت ذهاب,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: خاک جزء اصلی بوم سازگان زیستی محسوب می‌شود و برای بقاء حیات در کره زمین ضروری می‌باشد اما توسط فعالیت‌های انسانی، آلوده می شود. امروزه تعیین حد و مرز در رابطه با فعالیت‌های بشر و پیامد آن ضروری گردیده است. این مطالعه در سال1391 با هدف ارزیابی و بررسی غلظت سه فلز آرسنیک، سرب و کادمیوم در خاک سطحی زمین‌های کشاورزی محدوده دشت ذهاب و تعیین ریسک محیط زیستی انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: برای این منظور نقاط نمونه برداری در محیط GIS مشخص و به GPS وارد شد و نمونه‌های خاک از عمق 0 تا 30 سانتی متری سطح خاک برداشت گردید، سپس با انتقال نمونه‌ها به آزمایش‌گاه جهت آماده سازی اقدامات لازم انجام گرفت. غلظت کل فلزات با دستگاه جذب اتمی( مدل SHIMADZU AA-6300 ) اندازه گیری شد. هم‌چنین پارامترهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک شامل درصد رس، سیلت، شن، ماده آلی، آهک، گچ، درصد سنگ‌ریزه، EC و pH اندازه گیری شد. یافته‌ها: با انجام آزمون هم‌بستگی پیرسون مشخص گردید که فلز آرسنیک با هدایت الکتریکی و مواد الی از نظر آماری ارتباط معنی دار دارند(P<0.05). مقایسه میزان غلظت فلزات با استانداردهای جهانی نشان داد این فلزات در وضعیت مناسب قرار دارند. شاخص آلودگی نشان داد سرب نسبت به دو فلز دیگر از آلودگی بیش‌تری برخوردار می‌باشد. طبقه بندی حاصل از ریسک محیط زیستی نشان داد 22/83 درصد منطقه از ریسک متوسط برخوردار می‌باشد. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: بالا نبودن غلظت سه فلز آرسنیک، سرب و کادمیوم در دشت ذهاب به دلیل کشاورزی سنتی و خرد مالکیت باشد چرا که به دلیل بضاعت مالی کشاورزان بیش‌تر تکیه بر کودهای حیوانی می باشد و کودهای شیمیایی کم‌تر مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. این عامل سبب شده میزان فلزات حاصل از فعالیت های کشاورزی در حال حاضر تهدیدی برای محصولات زراعی و زیسک محیط زیستی نباشد.
Background and Objective: Soil is the main component of biological biomes and is necessary for survival on the Earth. Today, soil has been contaminated by human activities. Defining the boundaries between human activities and outcomes is essential. This study was done to evaluate the concentrations of metals such as arsenic, lead and cadmium in surface soils of agricultural land around Zahab plain and the environmental risk in 2014. Method: The sampling points were recorded by GIS and then imported to the GPS. The soil samples were taken from depths of 0 to 30 cm soil by field assessment. The samples were then transported to the laboratory and necessary preparation actions were done. Total concentrations of As, Pb and Cd were measured by atomic absorption (SHIMADZU-AA-6300). The soil chemical and physical parameters such as clay, silt, sand, organic matter, lime, gypsum, gravel percent, EC and pH were also measured. Findings: Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant correlation among As, EC and organic matter (p<0.05). Comparison of concentrations with the international standards showed that these metals are in good condition. Pollution index showed that Pb poses more contamination than other two metals. Classification of the environmental risk showed that 83/22 % of the region falls in moderate risk. Discussion and Conclusion: Low concentration of the metals in Zahab zone is due to traditional and small scale farming because farmers could not apply chemical fertilizers and they used mostly manure in their farms. As a result, the metals produced by agricultural activities do not pose a threat to crops and also environment.
Reference
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5- Yaron, B., Calvet, R and Prost, R. 1996. Soil Pollution: Processes and Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 312 p.
6- Shi, J., Wang, H., Xu, J., Wu, J., Liu, X., Zhu, H. and Yu, C. 2007. Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils: a case study of Changxing, China, Environmental Geology, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 1-10.
7- Rodríguez Martín, J. A., Arias, M. L. and Grau Corbí, J. M. 2006. Heavy metals contents in agricultural topsoils in the Ebro basin (Spain). Application of the multivariate geoestatistical methods to study spatial variations. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 144, No. 3, pp. 1001-1012.
8- Romic, M., Hengl, T., Romic, D. and Husnjak, S. 2007.Representing soil pollution by heavy metals using continuous limitation scores. Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 1316-1326.
9- Cao, H.-F., Chang, A. C. and Page, A. L. 1984. Heavy Metal Contents of Sludge-Treated Soils as Determined by Three Extraction Procedures. J Environ Quall, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 632-634.
10- Weaver, R. W., Angle, J. S. and Bottomley, P. S. 1994. Methods of soil analysis, microbiological and biochemical properties, part II, Soil Science of America INC, Wisconsia.
11- Klute, A. 1986. Methods of soil analysis, part I, physical and mineralogical methods, Soil Science Society of America INC, Wisconsia.
12- Zio, S. D., Fontanella, L. and Ippoliti, L. 2004. Optimal spatial sampling schemes for environmental surveys. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, Vol. 11, No., pp. 397-414.
13- Wang, J., Chen, Z., Sun, X., Shi, G., Xu, S., Wang, D. and Wang, L. 2009. Quantitative spatial characteristics and environmental risk of toxic heavy metals in urban dusts of Shanghai, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 645-654.
14- Pais, I and Jones, J B . 1997, The handbook of trace elements, St lucie press, boca raton, florida, 223
15- Kabata–Pendias, A. and H. Pendias. 1979. Trace elements in the biological environment. wyd. Geol., INC, Warsaw.
16- Smith E, Naidu, R and Alston, AM. 1998. Arsenic in the soil environment: a review. Adv, Agron 64: 149-195.
17- Bauer, M and Blodan, C. 2005. Mobilization of arsenic by dissolved organic matter form iron oxides, soil and sediment, Sci, total environ354: 179-190.
18- Zhao, Y.-F., Shi, X.-Z., Huang, B., Yu, D.-S., Wang, H.-J., Sun, W.-X., ÖBoern, I. and BlombÄCk, K. 2007. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of an Industry-Based Peri-Urban Area in Wuxi, China. Pedosphere, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 44-51
19- Chen, T.-B., Zheng, Y.-M., Lei, M., Huang, Z.-C., Wu, H.-T., Chen, H., Fan, K.-K., Yu, K., Wu, X. and Tian, Q.-Z., 2005, Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. Chemosphere, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 542-551.
20- Sridhara Chary, N., Kamala, C. T. and Samuel Suman Raj, D. 2008. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 513-524.
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Reference
1- Kabata, A., Pendias, H., 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London. New York. 413 Pages.
2- Sparks, Sh. 2004. Soil Chemistry with Environmental Attitudes. Oustan, Sh, (Translator). Tabriz University Press, p. 472. (In persian)
3- 3- Dabiri, M.2003. Environmental pollution (air-water-soil-sound). Etehad publication .300 pages. (In persian)
4- 4- Amini, M., Afyuni, M and Khademi. H, 2006. Modeling the mass balance of Cd and Pb in agricultural lands of Isfahan. Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, No. 4 (a), pp. 77-89. (In persian)
5- Yaron, B., Calvet, R and Prost, R. 1996. Soil Pollution: Processes and Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 312 p.
6- Shi, J., Wang, H., Xu, J., Wu, J., Liu, X., Zhu, H. and Yu, C. 2007. Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils: a case study of Changxing, China, Environmental Geology, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 1-10.
7- Rodríguez Martín, J. A., Arias, M. L. and Grau Corbí, J. M. 2006. Heavy metals contents in agricultural topsoils in the Ebro basin (Spain). Application of the multivariate geoestatistical methods to study spatial variations. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 144, No. 3, pp. 1001-1012.
8- Romic, M., Hengl, T., Romic, D. and Husnjak, S. 2007.Representing soil pollution by heavy metals using continuous limitation scores. Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 1316-1326.
9- Cao, H.-F., Chang, A. C. and Page, A. L. 1984. Heavy Metal Contents of Sludge-Treated Soils as Determined by Three Extraction Procedures. J Environ Quall, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 632-634.
10- Weaver, R. W., Angle, J. S. and Bottomley, P. S. 1994. Methods of soil analysis, microbiological and biochemical properties, part II, Soil Science of America INC, Wisconsia.
11- Klute, A. 1986. Methods of soil analysis, part I, physical and mineralogical methods, Soil Science Society of America INC, Wisconsia.
12- Zio, S. D., Fontanella, L. and Ippoliti, L. 2004. Optimal spatial sampling schemes for environmental surveys. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, Vol. 11, No., pp. 397-414.
13- Wang, J., Chen, Z., Sun, X., Shi, G., Xu, S., Wang, D. and Wang, L. 2009. Quantitative spatial characteristics and environmental risk of toxic heavy metals in urban dusts of Shanghai, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 645-654.
14- Pais, I and Jones, J B . 1997, The handbook of trace elements, St lucie press, boca raton, florida, 223
15- Kabata–Pendias, A. and H. Pendias. 1979. Trace elements in the biological environment. wyd. Geol., INC, Warsaw.
16- Smith E, Naidu, R and Alston, AM. 1998. Arsenic in the soil environment: a review. Adv, Agron 64: 149-195.
17- Bauer, M and Blodan, C. 2005. Mobilization of arsenic by dissolved organic matter form iron oxides, soil and sediment, Sci, total environ354: 179-190.
18- Zhao, Y.-F., Shi, X.-Z., Huang, B., Yu, D.-S., Wang, H.-J., Sun, W.-X., ÖBoern, I. and BlombÄCk, K. 2007. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of an Industry-Based Peri-Urban Area in Wuxi, China. Pedosphere, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 44-51
19- Chen, T.-B., Zheng, Y.-M., Lei, M., Huang, Z.-C., Wu, H.-T., Chen, H., Fan, K.-K., Yu, K., Wu, X. and Tian, Q.-Z., 2005, Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. Chemosphere, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 542-551.
20- Sridhara Chary, N., Kamala, C. T. and Samuel Suman Raj, D. 2008. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 513-524.
