Effects of eight weeks aerobic training, resistance training and concurrent training on the metabolic syndrome and HbA1c in men with type 2 diabetes
محورهای موضوعی : Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Saman Eskandary
1
(Department of Exercise physiology, Marvdasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.)
Eskandar Rahimi
2
(Department of Exercise physiology, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran)
کلید واژه: Resistance training, Concurrent training, Aerobic training, Metabolic syndrome,
چکیده مقاله :
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is brought about by either insufficient production of insulin or the inability of the body to respond to the insulin formed within the system. The aim of this study was to exam the influence of 8 weeks of aerobic training, resistance training and concurrent training (combined of aerobic and resistance raining) on the metabolic syndrome, and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c)) in men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Material & Methods:In this semi experimental survey, 40 men diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes at Clinic oil company Sirri Island who had the required qualifications were chosen for the survey and were divided into four groups including aerobic training group (Ag)(n=10), resistance training group (Rg) (n=10) concurrent group (CCg) (n=10) and control group (Cg) (n=10). Aerobic, resistance and concurrent groups performed the exercises for 8 weeks under the supervision of skillful trainers. Fasting blood samples were obtained from the subjects prior to breakfast at the beginning and the end of the study to measure blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1 c (Hb A1C), triglyceride (TG), High density lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL), Low density lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) and insulin resistance (IR). To display central inclination index and distribution indices, descriptive statistics and Wilcoxson non parametric tests were used to examine the data distribution type and to compare the averages of the data prior to/and after the test in each group. Two-way ANOVA test (P<0/05) was used for statistical analyses. Results: There was significant decrease in the level of HbA1c at the end of the study relatively in the CCg, Ag and Rg (p<0.05). IR also was decrease in CCg (P<0.05). FBS were decrease in CCg (P<0.05), however showed an increase in Rg (P<0.05). In all of the training groups TG and LDL levels did not significant changes. HDL in all training groups increased significantly (P˂0.05). The Ag and CCg showed a decrease in WHR relatively (P<0.05). Conclusions: Based on the results obtained, CCg decreased blood Hb A1c level, and resistance training diminished serum LDL levels and elevated the HDL level. Therefore, it appears that different types of exercise may be effective in controlling type 2diabetes.
1. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet 2016; 387: 1513-1530.
2. Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, Kowalski JW, Bek T, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 556-564.
3. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
4. Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G, Rami T, Brancati FL, Powe NR et al. Meta analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 421-31.
5. Bruce CR, kriketos AD. Disassociation of muscle triglyceride content and insulin sensitivity after exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 23-30.
6. Hayes C, Kriska A. Role of physical activity in diabetes management and prevention. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008; 108: S19-23.
7. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
8. Eriksson J, Taimela S, Eriksson K, Parviainen S,Peltonen J, Kujala U. Resistance training in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1729-36.
9. Balducci S, Leonetti F, Di Mario U, Fallucca F. Is a long-term aerobic plus resistance training program feasible for and effective on metabolic profiles in type 2diabetic patients (Letter). Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 841-842.
10. Schumann M, Yli-Peltola K, Abbiss CR, Häkkinen K. Cardiorespiratory adaptations during concurrent aerobic and strength training in men and women. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0139279.
11. Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, Johannsen N, Johnson W, Kramer K, et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 304: 2253-2262.
12. Lebovitz HE. Insulin resistance: definition and consequences. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001; 109: S135- S148.
13. Ross R. Does exercise without weight loss improve insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 944-945.
14. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Health 2002; Available at: https://www.csep.ca/.
15. Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU, Nindl BC, Volek JS, McCormick M, et al. Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger versus older men. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 982-992.
16. World Health Organization. Reducing risks, promoting healthy life -The World health Report, Geneva 2002.
17. Deshmukh SS, Gupta AR, Dongre MS. Relationship of anthropometric indicators with blood pressure levels in rural Wardha. Indian J Med Res 2006; 123: 657-664.
18. Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE. Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32: 76-88.
19. Shenoy S, Ekta A, Sandhu J. Effects of progressive resistance training and aerobic exercise on type 2 diabetics in Indian population. Int J Diabete Metab 2009; 17: 27-30.
20. Vincent HK, Bourguignon C, Vincent KR. Resistance training lowers exercise-induced oxidative stress and homocysteine levels in overweight and obese older adults. Obesity 2006; 14: 1921-1930.
21. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boulé NG, Wells GA, Prud'homme D, Fortier M et al . Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 357-369.
22. Gaeini AA, Dabidi Roushan V. Fundamental principles of exercise physiology for fitness, performance and health. Samt; 2009 (Persian).
23. Heng BH, Sun Y, Cheah JT, Jong M. The Singapore National Healthcare Group Diabetes Registry-descriptive epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2010; 39: 348-52.
24. Misra A, Alappan NK, Vikram NK, Goel K, Gupta N, Mittal K, et al. Effect of supervised progressive resistance-exercise training protocol on insulin sensitivity, glycemia, lipids, and body composition in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1282-1287.
25. Mohebi H, Khazaei MH, Esfahani M. Effects of aerobic exercise on blood glucose control, cardiovascular and respiratory fitness and risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease –in patients with mild and severe non-insulin dependent diabetes. Olympic 2006; 4: 17-24 (Persian).
26. Holloszy JO, Schultz J, Kusnierkiewicz J, Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA. Effects of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance: brief review and some preliminary results. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1986; 711: 55-65.
27. Lamber S, Van L, Van Acker K, Calders P. Influence of combined exercise training on indices of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in type 2diabetes patients. Clin Rehab 2008; 22: 483-492.
28. Perseghin G, Price TB, Petersen KF, Roden M, Cline GW, et al. Increased glucose transport-phosphorylation and muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise training in insulin-resistance subjects. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1357-1362.
29. Castaneda C, Layne JE, Munoz-Orians L, Gordon PL, Nelson ME, et al. A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 2335-2341.
