The development of an appropriate kinetic model for cracking reactions is essential for simulation and process optimization. These results are to be potentially used for proper reactor design. The complexities of oil gas inlet combinations have led to an increase in the challenges while defining and depicting kinetics on an intrinsic scale. Hence, complicated chemical reaction circumstances are characterized by combining many possible pathways into more modest groups of comparable chemical substances. In addition, cracking kinetic demonstrations is frequently carried out in lumped forms. This is due to the complex nature of the feedstock, which is known to contain enormous hydrocarbon associated with series and parallel reaction networks. The representation of complicated compounds by consolidating a large chemical component into small amounts of apparent components has been generally utilized in industry to generate a straightforward approach to stoichiometry, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Considering the importance of this lumped method, this study focused on studying the development of a kinetic lump approach to solve kinetic problems and cracking mechanisms. پرونده مقاله

Modification of sodium montmorillonite was conducted using zirconium phosphate. The effect of a series of phosphate precursors such as dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium phosphate was observed. The catalyst was used in the conversion of methanol dimethyl ether using 1 g of catalyst at a temperature range of 150-350 ˚C with a Liquid Hourly Space Velocity (LHSV) monitored to 2.54 h−1 and N2 as carrier gas. The product was analyzed directly with a reactor system connected to gas chromatography. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), N2 adsorption-desorption, and Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) were utilized to characterize the catalyst. The characterization showed that the modified sodium montmorillonite-zirconium phosphate was successfully synthesized. The study showed that modified montmorillonite using zirconium phosphate significantly increased the catalytic activity of sodium montmorillonite by providing medium and strong acid sites also increased the surface area. The modified sodium montmorillonite-zirconium phosphate from dihydrogen phosphate precursor exhibited the highest catalytic activity with the methanol conversion of 96.76%, dimethyl ether selectivity of 96.8%, and dimethyl ether yield of 93.67%, whereas the modified sodium montmorillonite-zirconium phosphate from diammonium hydrogen phosphate showed good stability towards methanol conversion. پرونده مقاله

Synthesis of Ni/SiPILC (Silica Pillared Clay) catalyst based on light fraction clay for hydrocracking of High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastics into liquid fuels has been carried out. The SiPILC was synthesized using CTAB and TEOS by varying the TEOS/clay mole ratio. The Ni metal was impregnated on the SiPILC with a variation of 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt% of Ni. Hydrocracking of HDPE plastic was carried out using catalysts in a semi-batch stainless steel reactor. The liquid cracking product was analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed that the clay consisted of Montmorillonite, Cristoballite, and Quartz minerals. The highest specific surface area of 571 m2/g was showed by the SiPILC treated by TEOS/clay mole ratio of 60. Ni 2%/SiPILC achieved the best performance catalyst with the highest acidity of 1.327 mmol/g that produced a liquid fraction of 45.50% (gasoline 55.03 % and diesel 44.96 %) at hydrocracking temperature 450 oC for 1.5 h. The Ni 2% /SiPILC catalyst still performed well after the fifth hydrocracking run, producing a liquid fraction of 41.08 %. پرونده مقاله

SO4/ZrO2 heterogeneous acid catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method from ZrO2 precursor involved variations in H2SO4 concentration (0.5; 1.0; 1.5 M) and calcination temperature (400, 500, 600 ℃) to yield catalyst with the highest acidity value. The catalysts produced were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (TGA-DSC), Gas Sorption Analyzer (GSA), and acidity test using the gravimetric method with ammonia vapor. The catalyst used to observe activity and selectivity in the dehydration reaction of ethanol to diethyl ether (DEE) was SO4/ZrO2 catalyst with the highest total acidity. The liquid product from the dehydration of ethanol was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC). The ZS‐1.5‐500 catalyst showed the best activity and selectivity in the dehydration reaction of ethanol to DEE at a temperature of 225 ℃, yielding 49.85% (w/w) ethanol conversion and a 1.62% DEE selectivity. پرونده مقاله