The objective of this study was to determine the chemical compounds of Iranian propolis (IP) extracts and to show flavonoids and phenol effects on methane production, fermentation characteristics and rumen microbial population (in vitro). In this study two diets with different concentrate: forage ratios as (HC: high concentrate) and (MC: middle concentrate), respectively as non-supplemented or supplemented with different Iranian propolis (IP) extracts were used. The treatments were HC (control), HC + IP 25%, HC + IP 50%, HC + IP 75%, MC (control), MC + IP 25%, MC + IP 50% and MC + IP 75%, which means 25, 50 and 75 g of propolis in 100 mL ethanol 70%, respectively. The results showed that IP significantly increased gas production in IP 75% with different concentrate: forage ratios. Adding IP caused a decrease in pH, however this decrease was not significant in all treatments. There was a significant difference between the effect of HC + IP 50% on NH3-N compared to the HC + IP 25% and HC. Adding IP 75% significantly decreased CH4 production compared to the other treatments. In HC diet, there was no significant difference in total populations of protozoa and Ruminococcus albus between the individual IP 25%, 50%, 75% treatments, however when they were considered as the group, a significant difference was observed between them and the control group. The highest decrease and the highest increase in total populations of Prevotella bryantii was observed in IP 75% and in IP25%, respectively. In MC diet, methanogens were significantly reduced in IP 25%, 50% and 75%, compared to control treatment. The propolis extract caused improvement in fermentation and decreased methane and nitrogen ammonia. This may help the nitrogen retain longer in ruminants. پرونده مقاله

Two experiments (Exp.) were conducted to determine the effects of dietary addition of five herbal plants (HP) alone or as herbal plant mixture (HPM) on in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation patterns. In Exp. 1, five varieties of HP (garlic, eucalyptus, cinnamon, thyme, and peppermint) were added to the diet at 3 different concentrations (5, 10 and 15% of concentrate dry matter). In Exp. 2, the HPM was used at the concentration of 2, 4 and 6%. The results show that most ruminal fermentation parameters were affected by HP and HPM. The addition of HP and HPM to the diet significantly increased total in vitro gas production (b) and the fractional rate constant of gas production (c, P<0.01). Concentrations of NH3 (Exp. 1), CH4 (Exp. 1 and 2), total volatile fatty acids (Exp. 1 and 2), acetate (Exp. 1), propionate (Exp. 1 and 2) and acetate/propionate ratio (Exp. 1) were affected by HP and HPM. Ruminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA, Pin vivo conditions. پرونده مقاله

Two multi-phasic models (logistic (LOG) and Michaelis-Menten (MM)) with three sub-curves were used to describe gas production kinetics of corn (CG), barley (BG), wheat (WG) and triticale (TG) grains. In each model sub curve, 1 describes the gas production caused by fermentation of the soluble fraction, gas production caused by fermentation of the non-soluble fraction is described in sub curve 2 and sub curve 3 represents gas production by microbial turnover. With MM model TG and WG had highest gas production from the soluble fraction followed by BG and CG. With LOG model there was no difference in gas production from the soluble fraction between BG and CG (P>0.05) and TG and WG (P>0.05) but TG and WG had higher gas volume from this fraction comparing to CG and BG (P<0.05). For gas production caused by fermentation of the non-soluble fraction, CG had the highest volume using MM model and CG and BG had higher volume with LOG model comparing to WG and TG (P<0.05). With MM model BG had highest gas production by microbial turnover but with LOG model WG and TG had higher gas production for the third sub curve. The LOG model had a slightly better fitting performance comparing to MM model in the present study but considering the methodology of this trial and the nature of models it does not necessarily represent the superiority of LOG model over MM model. پرونده مقاله

Using 24 hours in vitro cultures of rumen microorganisms, this study investigates the effect of buffering capacity of 2 inorganic compounds (M1=119.43 and M2=116.50 meq/L) on the in vitro rumen acidogenic value (AV), medium pH, dry matter disappearance (INVDMD) and methane emission of lactating dairy cow diets containing various forage to concentrate ratios as 40:60 (FC40:60) and 30:70 (FC30:70) in a completely randomized design. Inorganic compounds were included in the experimental diets at the rate of 0.0, 10 or 20 g/kg DM. Diet with higher amount of concentrate caused a decline in medium pH, an increase in both AV and IVDMD. The acidogenic value of FC40:60 containing M2 at 20, M1 at 10 and 20 g/kg DM and FC 30:70 plus M1 and M2 at 20 g/kg DM was the lowest. The lowest level of CH4 emission (mL/0.20 g DM) was observed in FC30:70 plus M1 at the rate of 10 g/kg DM, while the highest level belongs to FC40:60 plus M1 at 10 g/kg DM and FC30:70 containing M1 at 20 and M2 at 10 g/kg DM. It has been concluded that the higher buffering capacity of a lactating diet might reduce the rumen acid load and increased IVDMD, while a diet with higher amount of concentrate causes to decline rumen methane emission. پرونده مقاله