This research aims to construct a three-dimensional numerical model for modeling friction stir extrusion using the completely Lagrangian method, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). For extrusion simulations, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is extensively utilized; however, it has limitations due to excessive element deformation. Because the particle-based method eliminates the usage of volumetric elements, SPH can be a viable alternative. The performance of the SPH model was evaluated using different particle sizes. The results showed that the smaller particle size improves the temperature results as well as the shape of the wire produced. Then the mechanical and microstructural properties of the produced wires were investigated. The results show that the grain size in the center of the wire is larger than its perimeter due to the lower strain rate in this area. Increased strain reduces grain size in the produced microstructure by increasing nucleation sites during recrystallization, as is well known. The wire microhardness in the centre is 121 HV, whereas it is 129 HV in the periphery. Grain size is the main reason of increased hardness near the sample's periphery. پرونده مقاله

This research studied different tools with different cone angles to produce brass wires using the friction stir back extrusion (FSBE) method. The cone angle of the tool is one of the most influential parameters in the production of brass wires. First, to determine the appropriate cone angle, the FSBE process is modeled using the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method. The simulation results showed that increasing the cone angle increases the heat generated and reduces the force on the tool. Also, to be more precise, the mechanism of heat production during the process was numerically modeled to verify the simulation results. The cross-sectional images of the wires produced showed that only tools with a cone angle of 35 ° could produce flawless wires. The microstructural results showed that the grain size in the center of the wire was 20.24 microns, which is larger than the size in the wire periphery, which was 16.88 microns. This microstructural deviation is mainly affected by the strain and the temperature. پرونده مقاله