Conventional wastewater treatment is not able to effectively removal drugs such as antibiotics, so it is important to remove the remaining antibiotics from the environment. In this research, Zinc oxide (ZnO), nickel oxide (NiO) and p-NiO/n-ZnO heterostructure were synthesized. Then, prepared samples were characterized by several techniques. The photocatalytic degradation of erythromycin from aqueous solutions was studied by photocatalysts synthesized under sunlight. Design of Experimental (DOE) was used to evaluate the effective parameters in the degradation process of erythromycin. The effects of pH, time (min), photocatalytic mass (g) and erythromycin concentration (mg/L) were studied. Using Design Expert 7 software, the highest degradation efficiency of erythromycin was found 99.54%, under optimum conditions at pH 3.07, time 101.14 (min), photocatalyst mass 0.13 (g) and erythromycin concentration 41.04 (mg/L). Isothermal studies have shown that the Fritz-Schlander isotherm with the least error with the experimental data of p-NiO/n-ZnO (5%) photocatalytic degradation are the best fit. پرونده مقاله

In the academic and industrial sectors, there has been a significant level of attention directed towards novel surfactants, particularly nano gemini surfactants, owing to their distinctive characteristics in recent times. The utilization of the quasichemical approximation has enabled the determination of phase equilibrium and the mixing properties for solutions of this nature. The Helmholtz free energy, mixing entropy, and mixing energy were ascertained through the variation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic units in nano gemini surfactants. The augmentation of the hydrophilic properties of the nano gemini surfactant has been observed to enhance the reaction of mixing. In turn, there is a reduction in the energy required for mixing. Furthermore, the negative value of the Helmholtz free energy of mixing has been observed to increase. When the hydrophobicity of a nano gemini surfactant increases, a contrary result to previous findings is observed. The mixing entropy remains unaffected by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic units of the nano gemini surfactant. An increase in the hydrophobic tail length of the surfactant leads to a corresponding increase in the two-phase equilibrium region. Conversely, a decrease in the hydrophobic tail length results in a decrease in the two-phase equilibrium region. پرونده مقاله

In the academic and industrial sectors, there has been a significant level of attention directed towards novel surfactants, particularly nano gemini surfactants, owing to their distinctive characteristics in recent times. The utilization of the quasichemical approximation has enabled the determination of phase equilibrium and the mixing properties for solutions of this nature. The Helmholtz free energy, mixing entropy, and mixing energy were ascertained through the variation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic units in nano gemini surfactants. The augmentation of the hydrophilic properties of the nano gemini surfactant has been observed to enhance the reaction of mixing. In turn, there is a reduction in the energy required for mixing. Furthermore, the negative value of the Helmholtz free energy of mixing has been observed to increase. When the hydrophobicity of a nano gemini surfactant increases, a contrary result to previous findings is observed. The mixing entropy remains unaffected by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic units of the nano gemini surfactant. An increase in the hydrophobic tail length of the surfactant leads to a corresponding increase in the two-phase equilibrium region. Conversely, a decrease in the hydrophobic tail length results in a decrease in the two-phase equilibrium region. پرونده مقاله