In this work, the concentrations of flavonoid and anthocyanin pigments determined from different pistachio (Pistacia vera) cultivars collected from Damghan and Rafsanjan, were investigated. The flavonoid compound was evaluated as aluminum chloride complex and stated as mg of rutin equivalents/100g of the sample weight. To estimate anthocyanin content, colorimetric assays were used. The highest concentrations of flavonoid compounds (25mgRu100g-1fw) were found in the Abbas Ali cultivar from Damghan, followed by Kalehghoochi and Fakhri. The lowest level of anthocyanin was obtained in Khanjari from Damghan (7µmolg-1fu).The amount of anthocyanin and flavonoid pigments in different tissues of pistachio fruits showed that there was no significant difference in pistachio hull and kernel. After harvest, different cultivars indicated various values for phytochemical properties and flavonoid compound of pistachio hull and kernel ranged from 12.31 to 30.3 mgRu100g-1fw and 19.22 to 27.92 mgRu100g-1fw, anthocyanin pigment of pistachio hull and kernel from 6.81 to 11.1 µmol g-1fu and 4 to 18 µmolg-1fu, respectively. The pistachio kernel contained high amounts of flavonoid content, especially in the Fakhri cultivar, and the pistachio hull contained low levels of anthocyanin value, especially in the Akbari cultivar. Among the investigated pistachio kernel cultivars, Abbas Ali indicated higher values of anthocyanin pigment than Kalehghoochi, Akbari, Khanjari, and Fakhri. Our findings could be beneficial for introducing interesting properties to the pistachio nut such as cultivar-rich resources from anthocyanin and flavonoid contents and can be used when selecting a special cultivar for a particular application and pharmaceutical industry. تفاصيل المقالة

In this study, a sports drink was prepared with the addition of different concentrations of Spirulina platensis (0.05%, 0.125%, and 0.25% w/w). Spirulina biomass was extracted by ethanol, ethanol/water, and water and added to a sports drink. During storage time (21 days, 4°C), the chemical properties of these drinks such as antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, and total sugar were evaluated. The lowest and highest amount of total sugar also was observed in the control sample, and sports drink containing 0.25% aqueous extract, respectively. After 21 days of storage, total sugar decreased by 40%, 27.25% and 38% for samples containing 0.25% alcoholic, water and hydroalcoholic extracts. The ascorbic acid content of sports drinks was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the treatment sample in the comparison with control sample. Content of ascorbic acid was highest in sports drinks containing 0.25% aqueous extract and decreased (up to 1.3mg/100cc) with storage. The addition of spirulina increased the antioxidant activity of the sports drink. Among the sports drinks containing alcoholic, water and hydroalcoholic extracts, minimum control of free radicals, respectively pertained to the samples containing 0.05% of Spirulina extract (18.31, 23.33 and 22.11) after 21 days of storage. Also, the antioxidant properties of the sports drink samples decreased during storage time. According to the findings of this research, the addition of spirulina extract to sports drinks improves their nutritional and antioxidant characteristics. تفاصيل المقالة

Edible films based on starch are applied for food protection to extend shelf-life of food products. The biodegradability of film compounds was significantly improved by the utilization of biopolymer molecules in comparison to petroleum packaging, and it could be a replacement for synthetic packaging. In the presentation work, the effects of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2-N) were studied on the moisture content, water solubility, moisture uptake, and antimicrobial properties of soluble soy polysaccharide (SSPS) starch/cold water fish gelatin films. The nano titanium dioxide was incorporated into the SSPS starch/cold water fish gelatin dispersion at various levels (1, 2, 3, and 5 w/w% based on SSPS starch). The moisture content of the biofilms decreased from 14.12% to 12.28% and water solubility decreased from 93.18% to 71.46% by the incorporation of 5% TiO2-N into the biopolymer matrix. Increasing TiO2-N from 0 to 5% decreased the moisture uptake, a value of 9.83–6.81 g/g dried film. According to an increased inhibition zone of 1-5% TiO2-N for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from 32.44 to 62.27 mm2 and from 22.15 to 45.17 mm2 respectively, SSPS starch/cold water fish gelatin/TiO2-N films showed antimicrobial characterizations against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In summary, TiO2-N improves the functional properties of SSPS/cold water fish gelatin biofilms and can be applied in the food industry. تفاصيل المقالة

Biodegradable films based on natural molecules are used for food production protection to extend shelf life. The current work aimed to fabricate and characterize bionanocomposite films. The biodegradable films were prepared from a mixture of tapioca starch/bovine gelatin (TB) with the loading of roselle calyx extract (RCE) and zinc oxide nanorod (ZnO-N). The incorporation of ZnO-N and RCE improved the mechanical and barrier properties of films. ZnO-N/RCE and RCE incorporated composite films indicated lower water vapor permeability (WVP) than neat film, 3.36 ×10-7, 3.96×10-7, and, 4.2×10-7 g/mPah respectively. Elongation at break, Young's modulus, and tensile strength of TB film, TB/RCE, and TB/RCE/ZnO-N film were measured as follows: 18.44%, 14.56%, and 10.69%; 0.79 MPa, 1.52 MPa, and 2.65 MPa; and 14.4 MPa, 21.85 MPa, and 28.22 MPa, respectively. The solubility of the active films decreased from 40.33% to 33.68% by the addition of RCE and ZnO-N into the composite matrix. This study indicated composite films based on starch/protein incorporated RCE and ZnO-N have the positive potential for applications in bionanocomposite packaging. تفاصيل المقالة

The development of biocompatible packaging is a fine replacement for using of synthesis film. The purpose of the presentation investigation was to prepare and characterize biocompatible film. The active films were fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) containing roselle calyx extract (RCE) and roselle calyx extract (RCE)/halloysite nanoclay (HNC). The incorporation of HNC and extract improved the functional characteristics of films. RCE and HNC/RCE incorporated films represented lower oxygen permeability (OP) than control film, 1.82×10-18, 1.41×10-18, and, 3.61×10-18 m2 s-1 Pa -1 respectively. Water vapor permeability (WVP) and thickness of PLA film, PLA/RCE, and PLA/RCE/HNC film were estimated as follows: 3.61×10-14, 2.5×10-14, and 1.46×10-14kg m m-2s-1Pa-1; 0.18, 0.21, and 0.22 mm respectively. The tensile strength and young modulus of the films increased from 47.91 to 62.83 MPa and 9.4 to 17.4 MPa respectively by the addition of extract and RCE/HNC into the biodegradable film. This investigation illustrated films based on PLA incorporated RCE/HNC and RCE has positive functional properties for applications in natural film packaging. تفاصيل المقالة