BACKGROUND: Nutrients play a very important role in chemical, biochemical, physiological, metabolic, geochemical, biogeochemical, and enzymatic processes. Innovations for saving water in irrigated agriculture and thereby improving water use efficiency are of paramount importance in water-scarce regions. Conventional deficit irrigation is one approach that can reduce water use without causing significant yield reduction. OBJECTIVES: This study is aimed to examine the changes of crop production of sorghum in response to apply different interval irrigation round and urea fertilizer. METHODS: A farm research was arranged via split plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012. Main plots were included apply three levels of interval between irrigation (I1: 8 day; I2: 12 day; I3: 16 day) and the sub plots consisted three level of urea fertilizer (N1: 200, N2: 300, N3: 400 kg.ha-1). RESULT: According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of urea fertilizer, irrigation regime and interaction effect of treatments on all studied traits (instead harvest index) were significant. Evaluation mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits revealed the highest amount of seed yield (817 gr.m-2), 1000-Seed weight (33.38 gr), Fresh forage yield (11829 gr.m-2) and total dry weight (3071 gr.m-2) were noted for 8 day interval between irrigation round and 400 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer and lowest amount of mentioned traits belonged to 16 day interval between irrigation round and 200 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer treatment. CONCLUSION: Finally according result of current research application 8 day interval between irrigation round and 400 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer had the highest amount of studied traits and it can be advice to producers in studied region. تفاصيل المقالة

BACKGROUND: Water deficit is considered among the abiotic stresses most impacting agriculture for its ability to interfere with crop development and quality.OBJECTIVES: Practices and innovations that could contain the deleterious effects of such stress with copper and manganese are importance for maintaining acceptable crop yields. In this study water deficit stress (end of irrigation at initiation of corn formation) on maize seedlings and the effects of Cu++ and Mn++, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation products (MDA), total markers compounds (8-oH-dg), were investigated in control samples, in samples treated with CuSo4 alone, and in samples treated with MnSO4.METHODS: The experiment was conducted to split split plot based on randomized complete block design such as water deficit in main plot (normal and end of irrigation at initiation of corn formation), copper sulphate (0, 15 and 30 kg.ha-1) in sub plots and manganese (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg.ha-1) which foliar application at 50 and 60 days after sowing with three replicates, respectively.RESULT: The results showed that Cu++ and Mn++ significantly mitigated the impact of the water deficit stress on seed yield and ChlA, ChlB and reduced the chemical markers activity. Regarding the oxidative status these elements revealed lower amounts of 8-oH-dg and MDA, while maize seedlings grown with water deficit alone exhibited the highest increases in reactive oxygen species. The explanation for these effects is provided by highlighting the effectiveness of the elements in avoiding to oxidative stress, which resulted in a lower content of H2O2, MDA and 8-oH-dg activity.CONCLUSION: Thus the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-oH-dg (Di hydroxy guanosine) was significant decreased by Cu (15 kg.ha-1) and Mn (20 kg.ha-1) in comparison with other treatments. تفاصيل المقالة

BACKGROUND: Imbalanced mineral nutrition and scant information about nitrogen (N) in plants may result in reduction in barley morpho-physiological activities. However, farmers use higher or lower fertilizer doses regarding barley growth and yield. Barley is characterized by a rich genetic diversity, making it an important for studies of Azospirillum response with high potential for crop improvement. Moreover, biological fertilizers severely affect barley growth and development, leading to improve yield loss. OBJECTIVES: Plants of an Azospirillum exposed to 0, 2, and 4 h per 100 kg seed were compared with urea fertilizer levels (75 and 100%) to identify growth pathways to barley’s response. METHODS: Current research was done according split plot experiment based on randomized block design with four replications which urea fertilizer (75% and 100%) was in main plot and Azospirillum trends belonged to sub plots. RESULT: Regulation of crop growth was severely impacted in leaves, highlighting the complexity of Azospirillum response mechanisms in this tissue. Functional analyses in tissues indicated that response to Azospirillum trends is mainly achieved through sensing and signaling pathways, strong effects to urea amounts and growth, kernel yield and yield components. Azospirillum trends especially lipoferum involved in growth signaling pathways, as well as 100 kg.ha-1 urea, were identified. This study provides valuable information on early Azospirillum-responsive in growth indices of barley and identifies several important players in response to chemical fertilizers. CONCLUSION: Finally based on result of current research apply Azospirillum lipoferum with 100% urea fertilizer led to produce highest seed yield and it can be advised to producers at studied region. تفاصيل المقالة

Fertilizer management is one of the most important factors in successful cultivation of crops affecting yield quality and quantity. Chemical fertilizers have several negative impacts on environment and sustainable agriculture. Therefore, bio fertilizers are recommended in these conditions and growth prompting bacteria uses as a replacement of chemical fertilizers. Organic farming has emerged as an important priority area globally in view of the growing demand for safe and healthy food and long term sustainability and concerns on environmental pollution associated with indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Biofertilizers aid plants in accessing the nutrient present in its surroundings. The microbes frequently employed as the biofertilizers include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Anbaena (nitrogen fixers), Pseudomonas putida, Mycorrhizal fungi, etc. Likewise, phytohormone/auxin-producing bacteria could also be utilized as biofertilizers. Three Azospirillum trends (A. lipoferum, A. brasilense and A. irakiens) were applied in Ahvaz climate condition and nitrogen treatments were applied at rates of 100 and 75%, respectively. This work is aimed at standardizing and validating of Azospirillum trends as an alternative to seed inoculation technique. The effect of soil Azospirillum trends population were ascertained which A. brasilense also adversely affected the soil's physical, chemical, and biological traits and barley yield, probably because high amounts of nitrogen were introduced into the soil by the vinasse, which destabilized its structure. Barley yield increased 24.5% with A.brasilense, 12.7% with A. lipoferum and 8.4% with A. irakiens at 75% and 100% nitrogen than control treatments. These results suggest that the chemical composition of the three Azospirillum species notably influenced the soil properties and therefore the barley yield parameters of the three Azospirillum studied, alone the application of nitrogen originated a positive effect in soil and barley yield parameters. تفاصيل المقالة

BACKGROUND: Mineral fertilizers played a great role towards improving crop yields but main constraint in achieving proven crop potential is imbalanced use of fertilizers, particularly low use of microelements like copper as compared to N.OBJECTIVES: This research was consisted to determine effect of different concentration and stage of foliar application of Copper on qualitative traits of Cowpea.METHODS: This research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2017 year. The treatments included different concentration of Copper foliar application (a1: none use of copper or control, a2: 150 gr.ha-1, a3: 300 gr.ha-1, a4: 450 gr.ha-1) and Copper foliar application at different growth stage (b1: apply at vegetative stage, b2: beginning of flowering stage, b3: beginning of pod formation).RESULT: According result of analysis of variance effect of different concentration and growth stage of foliar application of Copper (instead copper percentage) on all measured traits was significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant (instead seed yield). Evaluation mean comparison result revealed the maximum plant height (157.14 cm), seed yield (211.61 gr.m-2), protein percentage (31.56%), protein yield (66.59 gr.m-2) and Copper percentage (21.29%) was noted for 300 gr.ha-1 Copper (Also it doesn’t have significant difference with 150 gr.ha-1 Copper) and minimum of mentioned traits belonged to control treatment. Between different growths stage of foliar application of Copper the maximum amount of studied characteristics was observed in vegetative stage and the lowest ones was found in beginning of pod formation.CONCLUSION: It is recommended to farmers due to compliance with environmental aspects and less consumption of chemical inputs to use 150 gr.ha-1 of copper foliar application in the vegetative stage. تفاصيل المقالة

BACKGROUND: Nutrients play a very important role in chemical, biochemical, physiological, metabolic, geochemical, biogeochemical, and enzymatic processes. OBJECTIVES: This research was done to assess the effect of different concentration and stage of foliar application of Copper on seed yield, yield components and harvest index of Cowpea. METHODS: This research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2017 year. The treatments included different concentration of Copper foliar application (a1: none use of copper or control, a2: 150 gr.ha-1, a3: 300 gr.ha-1, a4: 450 gr.ha-1) and Copper foliar application at different growth stage (b1: apply at vegetative stage, b2: beginning of flowering stage, b3: beginning of pod formation). This experiment had 36 plots. RESULT: Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of different concentration and growth stage of foliar application of Copper on all measured traits was significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant (instead number of pod per plant, seed yield and biologic yield). Mean comparison result of different concentration of foliar application of Copper indicated that maximum amount of number of pod per plant (14.83), number of seed per pod (11.96), seed weight (23.65 gr), seed yield (211.61 gr.m-2), biologic yield (509.19 gr.m-2), harvest index (41.55%) was noted for 300 gr.ha-1 Copper (Also it doesn’t have significant difference with 150 gr.ha-1 Copper) and minimum of those belonged to control treatment. As for Duncan classification made with respect to different growth stage of foliar application of Copper the highest amount of number of pod per plant (14.18), number of seed per pod (12.04), seed weight (23.41 gr), seed yield (206.01 gr.m-2), biologic yield (518.75 gr.m-2), harvest index (40.75%) belonged to vegetative stage and lowest ones was for beginning of pod formation. CONCLUSION: Finally based on result of current research according economic aspects use of 150 gr.ha-1 of copper foliar application in the vegetative stage at studied region is advised to producers. تفاصيل المقالة

BACKGROUND: Nitrogen is a crucial component of plant nutrition, and its deficiency limits productivity of crops more than any other element. To manage the sorghum crop for achievement of maximum forage production, the farmer should be concerned about nitrogen requirement and plant height. OBJECTIVES: This research was carried out to evaluate response of morphological traits, seed protein content and prussic acid concentration of Sorghum to different level of urea fertilizer and cutting height. METHODS: Current study was conducted via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2012 year. The main factor included three level of urea fertilizer (200, 300 and 400 kg.ha-1) and three level of cutting height (7, 12 and 14 cm) belonged to subfactor. RESULT: Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of different level of urea fertilizer, cutting height and interaction effect of treatments on all studied characteristics was significant at 5% probability level. Assessment mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits indicated the maximum amount of seed yield (693 gr.m-2), panicle length (15.43 cm), stem diameter (15.90 cm), plant height (174.73 cm), prussic acid concentration (276.96 ppm) and seed protein concentration (10.90%) were noted for 400 kg.ha-1 urea and 7cm of cutting height and lowest amount of mentioned traits belonged to 200 kg.ha-1 urea and 17cm of cutting height treatment. CONCLUSION: Generally result of studied research revealed 400 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer and 7cm cutting height had the highest amount of studied characteristics and it can be advice to farmers. تفاصيل المقالة

BACKGROUND: Balanced supply of essential nutrients is one of the most important factors in increasing crop yields. Copper (Cu) is one of eight essential plant micronutrients and is required for many enzymatic activities in plants and for chlorophyll and seed production.OBJECTIVES: These field results were used to estimate salt stress direct effects and improved methods for high production in saline soils with affected by micro nutrients.METHODS: Current study was done according split plot design during 2020 and 2021 in sweet sorghum. Plants were Irrigated by saline water with different Electrical Conductivity |EC = 2 (Tl), 3 (T2), 4 (T3) milimohs cm-1 and control (T4)| in main plots and copper foliar spray |0 (C0), 0.20 (C1) and 0.40 (C2) kg net Cu ha-1| belonged to sub plots at stem elongation stage.RESULT: The response of sweet sorghum to salt stress was statistically evaluated with affected by Cu and showed a significant difference in all traits but no differ in either year. Results from this analysis indicated that adding 0.40 kg net Cu ha-1 did significantly increase forage yield, sugar yield and ethanol yield; however, the increase in these traits did impact the overall silage quality expressed in estimated ethanol per litter per hectare. Compared forage and sugar yield exhibited significantly that C2 could enhance crop ability to Na in which decrease of sugar yield and plant weight was only 19.2% and 24.29% in 2013 and 17.7% and 25.52% in 2014 respectively, in T3 compared to T4.CONCLUSION: The key findings of this study can support the hypothesis that Cu can stimulate acclimation process in crops in saline lands which cause high ethanol fermentation and biomass production in sweet sorghum. تفاصيل المقالة

BACKGROUND: Copper is an essential plant nutrient that plays an efficient role in chlorophyll development, and protein formation from amino acids and gives rigidity to plant because copper strengthens plant cell wall. In all crops Cu is essential for more than 30 enzymes which acts as redox catalysts like nitrate reductase, cytochrome oxidase or act as dioxygen carrier like heamocynin. OBJECTIVES: The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentration and stage of foliar application of Copper on growth curves and crop production of Cowpea. METHODS: This research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2017 year. The treatments included different concentration of Copper foliar application (a1: none use of copper or control, a2: 150 gr.ha-1, a3: 300 gr.ha-1, a4: 450 gr.ha-1) and Copper foliar application at different growth stage (b1: apply at vegetative stage, b2: beginning of flowering stage, b3: beginning of pod formation). RESULT: According result of analysis of variance effect of different concentration and growth stage of foliar application of Copper (instead crop growth rate) on all measured traits was significant at 1% probability level but interaction effect of treatments was not significant (instead seed yield). The highest seed yield with an average of 220 gr.m-2 of foliar application of 300 gr.ha-1 of copper in the vegetative and early flowering stage (which was not statistically significant with the treatment of foliar application of 150 gr.ha-1 of copper in the vegetative stage) and The lowest one was obtained from the non-foliar application of copper in the early stage of pod formation at the rate of 160 gr.m-2. CONCLUSION: Generally, due to the positive response of the cowpea to the copper in terms of growth, seed yield and its components, the use of copper fertilizer in fields where the concentration of this element in their soil is less than critical level, consumption of 150 gr.ha-1 of copper foliar application in the vegetative stage in Ahvaz region is recommended. تفاصيل المقالة

This research was carried out to determine effect of sorghum cultivars and copper foliar spray on physiological traits under saline water situation via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications during 2015 and 2016 year. The main plot consisted sorghum cultivars at three level (Kimia, KGS10, KGS4) and Copper foliar spray (C1: 0 or control, C2: 0.20, C3: 0.30 and C4: 0.40 kg Cu ha-1) by source of CuSO4 at stem elongation stage (55 days after planting date) belonged to sub plot. Result of combined analysis of variance revealed effect of different sorghum cultivar, Cu foliar application and interaction effect of treatment on all measured traits was significant at 1% probability level. Foliar application of copper had effective role on salt tolerant and physiological parameters of the studied sorghum cultivars were significantly affected by the exposure to well water and copper. The cultivar Kimia was observed as more salt tolerant and cultivar KGS4 was more salt sensitive on the basis of starch, amylose and amylopectin rates. Cultivar Kimia was also observed to produce high rates of amylose and amylopectin compared with the other cultivars. Results of this experiment showed that effect of copper on physiological contents is a useful tool for measuring the salt tolerance among sorghum cultivars to identify possible donors for future sorghum quality enhancement and breeding and be useful to the local sorghum growing farmers under salt stress. According to result of current research Kimia cultivar with foliar application of 0.4 kg Cu ha-1 it can suggested to farmers to decrease negative effect of salinity situation. تفاصيل المقالة

This research was carried out as pod cultivation to evaluate effect of different level of zinc and cadmium on agro physiological traits of Maize via factorial experiment based on completelly randomized design with three replications along 2012-2013. The factors included different level of Zinc (Zn1=0 or Control, Zn2=15 and Zn3=30 mg.kg-1) and Cadmium (Cd1=0 or control, Cd2=10, Cd3=20 and Cd4=30 mg.kg-1). The results showed that zinc and cadmium yield, chlorophyll a and b, cell membrane stability, malon di aldehyde and tyrosine significantly affect the probability of a percent. In soil treated with increasing concentrations of the increased seed yield and highest performance 30 mg treatment was achieved. Fell sharply with increasing cadmium performance and best results of treatment was observed. Among different concentrations of zinc, the best treatment to improve seed yield and biochemical characteristics was the treatment with 30 mg.kg-1 zinc. In cadmium treatment, contrary to zinc treatment, as the concentration increased the studied traits decreased significantly, so that the best results were obtained by the control treatment. The results of the interaction effect of zinc and cadmium on the studied traits indicated the reduction of adverse effects of cadmium on corn by zinc, but the best results of the interaction effect of zinc and cadmium on all traits were associated with the Zn3Cd1 treatment. تفاصيل المقالة

BACKGROUND: Knowing about grain yield issue and its components plays an important role for being successful in evaluative programs. Success in breeding and having fruitful varieties of agricultural products with a higher quality depends on knowledge about genetic grain yield controlling and its relation with seed yield components, also to phonologic traits and forage quality. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to predict the most effective traits on sorghum seed yield according correlation between characteristics in response to apply different interval irrigation round and urea fertilizer. METHODS: To investigation the effect of different level of Nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation method on crop production of Sorghum (Speed feed cultivar) a farm research was arranged via split plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012. Main plots were included apply three levels of interval between irrigation (I1: 8 day; I2: 12 day; I3: 16 day) and the sub plots consisted three level of urea fertilizer (N1: 200, N2: 300, N3: 400 kg.ha-1). RESULT: According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of irrigation regime, urea fertilizer and interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits (instead harvest index) was significant. Simple correlation coefficients between traits were estimated according to Pearson coefficient. The most positive and significant correlation was observed in total dry weight (r=0.91**), fresh forage yield (r=0.85**) and number of seed per panicle (r=0.79**). The traits of Panicle length (0.69*), 1000-seed weight (r=0.67*), number of racemes in panicle (0.64*) number of fertile tiller (r=0.61*) and seed protein content (0.51*) had correlation with the seed yield was significant at 5% probability level. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this research, traits of total dry weight, fresh forage yield and number of seed per panicle, had the most positive-direct effects on Sorghum seed yield can be proposal to plant breeder to more studied process such as stepwise regression and path analysis. تفاصيل المقالة

به منظور بررسی واکنش واریته کرج 1 گندم نسبت به محلول پاشی سلنیوم (از منبع سدیم سلنات) روی برگ در اوایل گلدهی در شرایط کم آبی آزمایشی به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 4 تکرار در سال زراعی 1394-1393 در کرج انجام شد. تیمارهای آبیاری در دو سطح شامل آبیاری نرمال (I1) و قطع آبیاری در اواسط گلدهی (110 روز پس از کاشت) (I2) که در کرت اصلی و سلنیوم در شش غلظت به صورت خالص صفر (S0)، 5 (12/3 میکروگرم سدیم سلنات) (S1)، 10 (24/6 میکروگرم سدیم سلنات (S2)، 15 (36/9 میکروگرم سدیم سلنات) (S3)، 20 (5/12 میکروگرم سدیم سلنات) (S4) و 25 (62/15میکروگرم سدیم سلنات) (S5) گرم به ازای هکتار در کرت فرعی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که کمبود آب میزان سوپراکسید دیسموتاز، کاتالاز، گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز و نشانگر مالون دی آلدئید را افزایش داد. محلول پاشی سلنیوم، در شرایط تنش آبی میزان آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانت (ضد اکساینده) را افزایش و در غلظت 20 گرم در هکتار به حداکثر رسید و میزان مالون دی آلدئید کاهش یافت و موجب افزایش معنی دار عملکرد دانه شد ولی، افزایش آنتی اکسیدانت ها و کاهش مالون دی آلدئید در شرایط نرمال کمتر بود. به عبارت دیگر، اثر منفی مالون دی آلدئید بر اجزای عملکرد، پایداری غشای سلول و آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانت در شرایط تنش رطوبتی نسبت به شرایط نرمال بیشتر بود. افزایش معنی دار پایداری غشای سیتوپلاسمی، عملکرد دانه، وزن دانه و سلنیوم دانه در 15 و به خصوص 20 گرم سلنیوم در هکتار در مقایسه با مقادیر بیشتر و کمتر این عنصر در تنش کم آبی و شرایط نرمال نشان داد سرکوب رادیکال های آزاد اکسیژن انجام، و القای سازوکار دفاع آنزیمی گیاه در مقابل صدمات اکسیداتیو اثرگذار بوده بنـابراین، استفاده از ترکیبات حفاظتی برون زا مانند سلنیوم می تواند ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی گیاه را در برابر تنش افزایش دهد. تفاصيل المقالة

اثر کاربرد مقادیر مختلف بیوچار و اسید هیومیک بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد دانه ذرت هیبرید سینگل کراس 704 تحت تنش کمبود آب طی آزمایشی به صورت کرت های دو بار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال های زراعی 97-1396 و 98-1397 در مزرعه ای واقع در شهرستان اهواز ارزیابی شد. کرت اصلی شامل تنش کمبود آب با سه سطح آبیاری، پس از تخلیه 30، 40 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی، به ترتیب به عنوان آبیاری مطلوب، تنش ملایم و تنش شدید، کرت فرعی شامل بیوچار با 2 سطح (شاهد، عدم کاربرد بیوچار) و کاربرد 4 تن در هکتار بیوچار و کرت فرعی فرعی شامل اسید هیومیک با 4 سطح (شاهد، عدم کاربرد اسید هیومیک)، کاربرد 2، 4 و 6 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثرات برهمکنش تنش کمبود آب و بیوچار، همچنین تنش کمبود آب و اسید هیومیک بر عملکرد دانه، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در بلال، شاخص کلروفیل فعالیت آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و کاتالاز در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی دار بودند. در شرایط تنش شدید، عملکرد دانه (36 درصد) تعداد دانه در بلال (22 درصد) و شاخص سطح برگ (36/30 درصد) کاهش و میزان فعالیت آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (37 درصد) افزایش یافت. اسید هیومیک بر تمام صفات آزمایش اثر معنی داری داشت. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (18/8995 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به تیمار آبیاری پس از تخلیه 40 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و کاربرد 4 تن در هکتار بیوچار بود. در مجموع استفاده از 4 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک در شرایط تنش رطوبتی متوسط به دلیل نقش مثبتی که بر رشد و افزایش 42 درصدی عملکرد نسبت به تیمار تنش شدید و عدم مصرف اسید هیومیک داشت می تواند در شرایط خشک و نیمه خشک برای صرفه جویی در مصرف آب و کاهش اثرات تنش کمبود آب قابل توصیه باشد. تفاصيل المقالة

به‌منظور بررسی اثر کاربرد پیش تیمار پراکسیدهیدروژن و محلول‌پاشی مس بر برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد کمی ذرت تحت تنش کمبود آب، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های دو بار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار طی سال‌های زراعی 97-1396 و 98-1397 در مزرعه‌ای واقع در شهرستان باغملک اجرا شد. کرت اصلی رژیم آبیاری با 4 سطح نرمال، قطع آبیاری 40 ، 55 و 70 روز بعد از ظهور تاسل، کرت فرعی محلول‌پاشی مس با دو سطح شاهد و 30/0 کیلوگرم خالص در هکتار از منبع سولفات مس 50 درصد 25 روز بعد از ظهور تاسل و کرت فرعی فرعی تیمار بذر با پراکسید هیدروژن با 3 سطح شاهد،30 و 60 میلی‌مولار بود. نتایج نشان داد که برهم‌کنش سه‌گانه رژیم آبیاری، محلول‌پاشی مس و پراکسیدهیدروژن بر کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کارتنوئید، کاتالاز، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد دانه در ردیف و عملکرد دانه در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بود. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (07/9530 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در شرایط آبیاری نرمال و محلول‌پاشی مس و کاربرد 60 میلی‌مولار پراکسیدهیدروژن حاصل شد که نسبت به قطع آبیاری 40 روز بعد از ظهور تاسل و عدم محلول‌پاشی مس و عدم کاربرد پراکسیدهیدروژن حدود 42 درصد افزایش نشان داد. فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز در شرایط قطع آبیاری 40 روز بعد از ظهور تاسل و محلول‌پاشی مس و کاربرد 30 میلی‌مولار پراکسیدهیدروژن حدود 67 درصد نسبت به شرایط آبیاری نرمال و شاهد افزایش یافت. به‌طور کلی نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که محلول‌پاشی مس و کاربرد 60 میلی‌مولار پراکسیدهیدروژن در شرایط رطوبتی مناسب می‌تواند موجب افزایش جذب کلروفیل، عملکرد دانه و در کل بهبود تولید ذرت شود. تفاصيل المقالة

برای بررسی برخی خصوصیات کمی جو در واکنش به کود زیستی تحت تاثیر رژیم های مختلف آبیاری، آزمایشی در سال 1392 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 4 تکرار اجرا گردید. در این آزمایش تیمارهای آبیاری در کرت های اصلی شامل 3 سطح، آبیاری در 80، 65 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی (آبیاری نرمال، 35 و50 درصد تخلیه رطوبتی) و کرت های فرعی شامل تلقیح بذر با باکتری در 7 سطح (آزوسپیریلوم لیپوفروم، ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم، سودوموناس پوتیدا، سودوموناس× ازتوباکتر، سودوموناس×آزوسپیریلوم و ازتوباکتر× آزوسپیریلوم) و شاهد (عدم تلقیح) بود. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه واریانس نشان داد کود زیستی اثر معنی دار بر آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانت در سطح 1 درصد داشت. در شرایط تنش، فعالیت آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانت تحت تاثیر کودهای زیستی افزایش یافت، به طوری که آزوسپیریلوم لیپوفروم به ترتیب سبب افزایش 7/16 و 4/21 و سودوموناس× آزوسپیریلوم سبب افزایش 2/18 و 9/25 درصدی سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز در تیمار آبیاری در شرایط آبیاری در50 درصد ظرقیت زراعی نسبت به شاهد شدند. میزان عملکرد در این شرایط در تیمارهای باکتری نسبت به آبیاری نرمال کاهش اندکی نشان داد و عملکرد در تیمار آبیاری در 50 درصد ظرقیت زراعی و تحت تاثیر آزوسپیریلوم فقط 2/13 درصد نسبت به آبیاری نرمال کاهش یافت. داده ها نشان داد کود زیستی نقش موثر در بهبود عملکرد جو در شرایط کمبود آب در مراحل انتهایی رشد دارد. تفاصيل المقالة

به منظور بررسی اثر باقیمانده سدیم کربنات آب آبیاری بر گیاه جو (Hordeum vulgare) و فعالیت نشانگرهای شیمیایی، طرحی به صورت کرت یکبارخرد شده در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج درسال 1392 اجرا شد. در این آزمایش ارقام جو شامل والفجر و ارس در کرت اصلی و تیمار آبیاری شامل مقادیر مختلف باقیمانده سدیم کربنات در آب آبیاری در چهار سطح (شاهد، 1، 2 و3 میلی اکی والان بر لیتر) در کرت فرعی قرار گرفت. در این آزمایش صفاتی از قبیل عملکرد دانه، وزن هزار دانه و میزان نشانگرهای شیمیایی شامل مالون دی آلدئید، دی تیروزین و دی هیدروکسی گوآنوزین ارزیابی شد. بررسی نتایج نشان داد اختلاف معنی داری در تیمارهای سدیم کربنات آب آبیاری و عملکرد در سطح یک درصد وجود داشت به طوری که مقایسه میانگین تیمارها بیانگر کاهش 3/41 درصدی عملکرد دانه در مقادیر بالای سدیم کربنات نسبت به شاهد بود. نتایج نشان داد که سطح فعالیت نشانگرهای شیمیایی به شدت تحت تاثیر سدیم کربنات آب آبیاری بود و موجب افزایش آنها شد. به طورکلی، در این آزمایش رقم والفجر مقاوم تر به میزان بالاتر سدیم آب آبیاری شناخته شد. بر این اساس می توان از میزان نشانگرهای شیمیایی جهت گزینش ارقام مقاوم به شوری آب آبیاری استفاده کرد. تفاصيل المقالة

مطالعه حاضر به منظور بررسی اثر سولفات منگنز بر فعالیت مالون دی آلدیید، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کلزا رقم هایولا 401 طی سال زراعی 92-91 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهواز اجرا گردید. تحقیق بر اساس آزمایش کرت خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. تنش کمبود آب در 3 سطح شامل شاهد (آبیاری کامل)؛ قطع آب در ابتدای خورجین و قطع آب در ابتدای دانه بندی به عامل اصلی و مصرف سولفات منگنز 33% در 4 سطح شامل شاهد (عدم کاربرد کود)، 10، 20 و30 کیلوگرم سولفات منگنز خالص در هکتار به عامل فرعی تعلق گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد تآثیر سطوح مختلف تنش کمبود آب و کود سولفات منگنز و اثر متقابل آن ها بر کلیه صفات مورد بررسی در سطح یک درصد معنی دار بود. طبق مقایسه میانگین ها مصرف 30 کیلوگرم در هکتار سولفات منگنز در شرایط آبیاری کامل بیشترین مقدار عملکرد دانه (3500 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، عملکرد بیولوژیکی (99/1035 گرم در متر مربع)، شاخص برداشت (76/33 درصد)، تعداد خورجین در بوته (05/144)، تعداد دانه در خورجین (42/19) و وزن هزار دانه (80/4 گرم) را به خود اختصاص داد. در طرف مقابل بیشترین غلظت مالون دی آلدهید (58/18 نانو مول بر میلی گرم) به تیمار قطع آبیاری در ابتدای تولید خورجین بدون مصرف سولفات منگنز تعلق گرفت. تفاصيل المقالة

به‌منظور بررسی اثر کاربرد پیش تیمار پراکسیدهیدروژن و محلول‌پاشی مس بر برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد کمی ذرت تحت تنش کمبود آب، آزمایشی به صورت کرت¬های دو بار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي با چهار تکرار طی سال¬های زراعی 97-1396 و 98-1397 در مزرعه¬ای واقع در شهرستان باغملک اجرا شد. کرت اصلی رژیم آبیاری با 4 سطح نرمال، قطع آبیاری 40 ، 55 و 70 روز بعد از ظهور تاسل، کرت فرعی محلول‌پاشی مس با دو سطح شاهد و 30/0 کیلوگرم خالص در هکتار از منبع سولفات مس 50 درصد 25 روز بعد از ظهور تاسل و کرت فرعی فرعی تیمار بذر با پراکسید هیدروژن با 3 سطح شاهد،30 و 60 میلی‌مولار بود. نتایج نشان داد که برهم‌کنش سه‌گانه رژیم آبیاری، محلول‌پاشی مس و پراکسیدهیدروژن بر محتوی کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کارتنوئید کل، فعالیت کاتالازی، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد دانه در ردیف و عملکرد دانه در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی¬دار بود. بیشترین ارتفاع بوته و تعداد دانه در ردیف از تیمارهای محلول‌پاشی مس و کاربرد 60 میلی‌مولار پراکسیدهیدروژن در شرایط آبیاری نرمال حاصل شد. همچنین بیشترین عملکرد دانه (07/9530 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در شرایط آبیاری نرمال و محلول‌پاشی مس و کاربرد 60 میلی‌مولار پراکسیدهیدروژن حاصل شد که نسبت به قطع آبیاری 40 روز بعد از ظهور تاسل و عدم محلول‌پاشی مس و عدم کاربرد پراکسیدهیدروژن حدود 42 درصد افزایش نشان داد. فعالیت کاتالازی در شرایط قطع آبیاری 40 روز بعد از ظهور تاسل و محلول‌پاشی مس و کاربرد 30 میلی‌مولار پراکسیدهیدروژن حدود 67 درصد نسبت به شرایط آبیاری نرمال و شاهد افزایش یافت. به¬طور کلی نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که محلول‌پاشی مس و کاربرد 60 میلی‌مولار پراکسیدهیدروژن در شرایط رطوبتی مناسب می¬تواند موجب افزایش مقدار کلروفیل، عملکرد دانه و در کل بهبود تولید ذرت شود. تفاصيل المقالة

BACKGROUND: Innovations for saving water in irrigated agriculture and thereby im-proving water use efficiency are of paramount importance in water-scarce regions. Conven-tional deficit irrigation is one approach that can reduce water use without causing signifi-cant yield reduction. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different irriga-tion regimes and Potassium nano chelate on effective traits on Corn crop production under the Mediterranean climatic conditions in Southwest of Iran. METHODS: Current research was done according split plot experiment based on com-pletely randomized block design at 2022. So the water deficit at three level [60 (control), 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan] in main plots, and potassium nano chelate at three levels [0 (control), 2 and 4 kg.ha-1) in sub plots. RESULT: Significant difference in growth parameters was observed between water defi-cit and commercial fertilizer (potassium) treatments. Potassium chelate recorded higher yields relative to water deficit with similar 2 and 4 kg.ha-1 rates, though statistically signifi-cant. Yield deficiency was observed in maize at controlled potassium application. Yield components, showed both K and water deficiencies in 7th week, while control treatments showed K deficiency in 14th week by potassium chelate at low application rates. CONCLUSION: The agronomic optimal rate of potassium Chelate determined by evaporation pan function were found to be higher than that of 90 mm evaporation that was found to enhance growth and yields of crops potentially have greater benefits such as improving soil health and plant resilience. تفاصيل المقالة