ارزیابی جنبه های مختلف آنتاگونیستی Pythium oligandrum(Dresch) درکنترل بیولوژیک (Kuhn) Rhizoctonia solani عامل بیماری مرگ گیاهچه چغندرقند در آزمایشگاه

محورهای موضوعی : دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهی

فریبرز فرخی ¹ (عضو هیات علمی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ایران)
محمد حاجیان شهری ² (استادیار پژوهش، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ایران)
محمد سالاری ³ (دانشیار گروه گیاهپزشکی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران)
حمید روحانی ⁴ (استاد گروه گیاهپزشکی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران)

تاریخ دریافت : 1393/06/04 تاریخ پذیرش : 1393/06/04 تاریخ انتشار : 1393/03/01

کلید واژه: کنترل بیولوژیک, چغندرقند, R. solani و P. oligandrum,

چکیده مقاله :

چغندرقند، از مهم ترین محصولات زراعی ایران است و بیماری های مرگ گیاهچه و پوسیدگی ریشه ناشی از R. solani از مهمترین علل کاهش عملکرد چغندرقند، می باشند. در این تحقیق جنبه های مختلف آنتاگونیستی 6 جدایه از  P. oligandrumدر کنترل R. solaniبا روش هایآزمایشگاهی شامل بررسی های میکروسکوپی نحوه ارتباط هیفی، رقابت غذایی، اثر متابولیت های گازی فرار،  اثر ترشحات مایع خارج سلولی در محیط کشت مصنوعی، خاک و وجود متابولیت های ضد قارچی مقاوم به حرارت در محیط کشت مصنوعی ارزیابی شدند. در بررسی های میکروسکوپی رفتار هیف  P. oligandrumبه شکل پیچیدن به دور هیف، چروکیدگی و جداشدن پروتوپلاست از دیواره سلولی، تشکیل اووسپور بر روی و داخل هیف R. solani دیده شد. در سایر آزمایش ها، جدایه های تربت جام و مشهد آنتاگونیست بیشترین قابلیت رقابت غذایی با R. solani را در محیط کشت داشتند و متابولیت های گازی فرار کلونی 36 ساعته جدایه تربت جام آنتاگونیست با41/56 درصد بیشترین تاثیر را در بازدارندگی از رشد میسلیوم R. solani داشت. بررسی کارایی ترشحات مایع خارج سلولی P. oligandrum در ممانعت از رشد میسلیوم R. solani در محیط کشت نشان داد جدایه مشهد با31/71درصد بیشترین بازدارندگی از رشد R. solani و غلظت های30%،40% و50% ترشحات مایع خارج سلولی جدایه تربت جام بیشترین اثر بازدارندگی از رشد R. solani را در محیط کشت داشتند. در بررسی کارایی ترشحات مایع خارج سلولی P. oligandrum در ممانعت از رشد میسلیوم R. solani در خاک مشخص شد، تیماری که خاک مورد استفاده در آن تنها با اینوکولوم P. oligandrum آلوده شده بود با 09/32 درصد بیشترین تاثیر را در بازدارندگی از رشد میسلیوم R. solani داشت. همچنین جدایه تربت جام، با 36/71 درصد بیشترین بازدارندگی از رشد R. solani را در آزمون مقایسه توانایی تولید متابولیت های ضد قارچی مقاوم به حرارت در محیط کشت، را داشت.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Sugar beet is among the most important crops in Iran. One of the main causes of the decline in sugar beet production is root rot, damping off and leaf blight caused by R. solani (Kuhn). Unfortunately, chemical control method against soil-borne fungi especially R. solani in sugar beet is not very effective. In this study the control of R. solani by antagonistic aspects of P. oligandrum using six isolates were studied under various laboratory methods including microscopic investigation of the relation of hyphae between antagonist and pathogen, food competition, the effect of volatile compounds, the effects of extracellular fluid secretion in cultured and heat-stable antifungal metabolites. Microscopic observations showed that P. oligandrum hyphae upon contact with R. solani hyphae wrapped around them, caused protoplast shrinkage which resulted in detachment of the protoplast from the cell walls of R. solani , also oospore formed on the hyphae of R. solani. The results of dual culture tests  howed that Torbat-e-jam and Mashhad isolates of P. oligandrum had the most food competition with R solani. In volatile compounds tests using 36 hrs-old colony of the antagonist, the isolate of Torbat-e-jam had maximum inhibitory effect (56.41%) on R. solani in vitro. The extracellular fluids of isolate of Mashhad was %71.31 percent more effective than the control and concentrations of 30%, 40% and 50% extracellular fluid of isolates from Torbat-e-jam had the most growth inhibition on R. solani mycelium in culture medium, However there was no significant difference among the mentioned concentrations. Evaluation of efficiency of P. oligandrum in inhibition of mycelial growth of R. solani in soil showed that the most inhibition of mycelium growth of R. solani (32%) was occurred when soil was solely inoculated with P. oligandrum. The heat-resistant extracellular fluids of isolate of Torbat-e-jam were %71.36 percent more effective than the control in inhibiting the growth of R. solani.

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