هدف از این پژوهش بررسی اثر نانو اکسید روی بر خواص فیزیکوشیمیایی، مکانیکی، عبوردهی نسبت به بخار آب و اکسیژن و جذب تعادلی فیلم های تولیدی از ژلاتین ماهی سرد آبی می باشد. فیلم های ژلاتین در غلظت های 0، 1، 3، و 5 % نانو اکسید روی با استفاده از روش کاستینگ تهیه شدند. آزمونهای مکانیکی، نفوذپذیری و فیزیکوشیمیایی فیلمها بر اساس روش استاندارد ملی امریکا انجام پذیرفت. آزمون مکانیکی کاهش درصد کشیدگی و افزایش استحکام کششی و مدول یانگ را به واسطه افزایش غلظت نانو ذرات نشان دادند. خواص فیزیکوشیمیایی از قبیل میزان جذب آب، حلالیت در آب، نفوذ پذیری نسبت به بخار آب و اکسیژن، با افزایش میزان نانو ذرات کاهش معنی داری (05/0 >P) را نشان دادند. همچنین میزان جذب بالای اشعه UV در غلظت 5% درصد مشاهده شد. نمودارهای FTIR نشان داد که تعاملات انجام شده تماماً فیزیکی بوده و برهمکنش شیمیایی رخ نداده است. بر همین اساس، نانو اکسید روی توانایی بهبود خواص اساسی فیلم های ژلاتین ماهی را دارا بوده و می توانند به عنوان جاذب اشعه ماورا بنفش در ساخت فیلم های خوراکی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. Manuscript profile

هدف از این پژوهش بررسی اثر نانوذرات اکسید روی بر خواص فیزیکوشیمیایی و ضد میکروبی فیلم‌های بایونانوکامپوزیت نشاسته سیب‌زمینی می‌باشد. در این تحقیق فیلم‌های نشاسته‌ای ساپورت شده با نانوذرات اکسید روی در غلظت‌های (0، 1، 3 و 5%) با استفاده از روش کاستینگ تهیه شد. کلیه خواص فیزیکوشیمیایی به روش استاندارد ملی آمریکا(ASTM) و خواص ضد میکروبی به روش نفوذ بر سطح آگار و فلاسک چرخان انجام شد. خواص فیزیکوشیمیایی از قبیل میزان جذب آب، حلالیت در آب، محتوی رطوبت با افزایش میزان نانوذرات کاهش معنی داری (05/0P<) را نشان داد. با افزایش غلظت نانوذرات در بایوپلیمر، خواص ضد میکروبی هم در حالت استاتیک و هم حالت دینامیک به خوبی نمایان بود. به طور کلی با توجه به بررسی‌های انجام شده، فیلم‌های نشاسته‌ای حاوی نانوذرات اکسید روی قابلیت به کارگیری به عنوان بسته‌بندی فعال در صنایع غذایی را دارا می‌باشند. Manuscript profile

Bio-nanocomposite films based on sago starch containing 2% cinnamon essential oil and 3% titanium dioxide nanoparticles were used in the packaging of fresh pistachios and stored at different temperatures (4, 25, and 35 ˚C) and relative humidity (30, 50, and 70%) for 20 days, and pistachio properties were evaluated in five-day intervals. Using these films in packaging improved the physicochemical properties of pistachios, including moisture, fat, shrinkage, color characteristics, and sensory characteristics improved, and the growth of Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin production, and the amount of hydro-peroxide increased much more slowly compared to the control samples. Temperature and relative humidity had significant effects on the physicochemical properties and deterioration of fresh pistachios (p Aspergillus flavus, peroxide index, and aflatoxin ​​had the highest values. The most desirable conditions for fresh pistachio storage were the temperature of 4˚C and 30% relative humidity. Therefore, this active packaging can be utilized as a proper alternative to conventional packaging. Manuscript profile

The aim of this research was to estimate the impacts of a combination of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and fennel essential oil (FEO) on the chemical and sensory properties of fresh raw Abbas Ali pistachio. The cassava starch/bovine gelatin biofilms with Nano-TiO2 (1, 3, and 5% w/w), and essential oil (1, and 3% w/w) were fabricated by the casting technique. The sensory and chemical properties and the growth of Aspergillus flavus were evaluated during three weeks of storage at 4°C. After 21-day conservation, Aspergillus flavus count of the control specimen was the highest whereas bionanocomposite film containing FEO enabled lower amounts of Aspergillus flavus population. RP-HPLC analysis findings represented that packaging with starch/gelatin had a positive effect on the aflatoxin B1 content of pistachio, and the lowest amount of aflatoxin B1 was related to the biofilm containing 5% Nano-TiO2/3% FEO. Sensory tests indicated that pistachios packaged with Nano-TiO2/essential oil had a significant effect on taste and general acceptability, and the highest score of sensory properties was related to the pistachio sample packaged with starch/gelatin/5% Nano-Tio2/3% FEO. Results showed that cassava starch/bovine gelatin film containing 5% Nano-TiO2/3% FEO and control sample had significantly higher and lower moisture and carbohydrate soluble content than the treatments. At last, the findings demonstrate that cassava starch/bovine gelatin/5% Nano-TiO2/3% FEO active film improved the chemical and sensory factors and had the positive effect on Aspergillus flavus population reduction of pistachio nuts; hence, it can be applied as biopackaging for fresh pistachio. Manuscript profile

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of zinc oxide nanoparticles (Nano-ZnO) and fennel essential oil (FEO) on the quality characteristics of fresh pistachio. The potato starch-based films containing different levels of Nano-ZnO (1, 3, and 5% w/w), and FEO (1, 2, and 3% w/w) were prepared by the casting method. The fresh Akbari pistachios were packed in these bio-nanocomposite films. The physicochemical and sensory properties and the growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 production were investigated during 15 days of refrigerated storage (~ 4°C). Results showed that by packaging fresh pistachios in bio-nanocomposite films, the moisture, carbohydrate, and fat contents of pistachios and the sensory parameters (texture, flavor, appearance, and overall acceptability) of them were improved during refrigerated storage. The weight loss of control significantly was higher than packed samples in bio-nanocomposite films (p<0.05). Usage of bio-nanocomposite films leads to a decrease in the growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in pistachios during storage periods. Finally, the results demonstrated that potato starch/5% Nano-ZnO/3% FEO bio-nanocomposite film improved the physicochemical and sensory properties and had the best effect on mold spoilage reduction of fresh pistachios; hence, it can be used as packaging for fresh nuts. Manuscript profile

In this work, the concentrations of flavonoid and anthocyanin pigments determined from different pistachio (Pistacia vera) cultivars collected from Damghan and Rafsanjan, were investigated. The flavonoid compound was evaluated as aluminum chloride complex and stated as mg of rutin equivalents/100g of the sample weight. To estimate anthocyanin content, colorimetric assays were used. The highest concentrations of flavonoid compounds (25mgRu100g-1fw) were found in the Abbas Ali cultivar from Damghan, followed by Kalehghoochi and Fakhri. The lowest level of anthocyanin was obtained in Khanjari from Damghan (7µmolg-1fu).The amount of anthocyanin and flavonoid pigments in different tissues of pistachio fruits showed that there was no significant difference in pistachio hull and kernel. After harvest, different cultivars indicated various values for phytochemical properties and flavonoid compound of pistachio hull and kernel ranged from 12.31 to 30.3 mgRu100g-1fw and 19.22 to 27.92 mgRu100g-1fw, anthocyanin pigment of pistachio hull and kernel from 6.81 to 11.1 µmol g-1fu and 4 to 18 µmolg-1fu, respectively. The pistachio kernel contained high amounts of flavonoid content, especially in the Fakhri cultivar, and the pistachio hull contained low levels of anthocyanin value, especially in the Akbari cultivar. Among the investigated pistachio kernel cultivars, Abbas Ali indicated higher values of anthocyanin pigment than Kalehghoochi, Akbari, Khanjari, and Fakhri. Our findings could be beneficial for introducing interesting properties to the pistachio nut such as cultivar-rich resources from anthocyanin and flavonoid contents and can be used when selecting a special cultivar for a particular application and pharmaceutical industry. Manuscript profile

Excessive salt accumulation in soil is a major ecological and agronomical problem, especially in arid and semiarid areas. Excessive soil salinity affects the establishment, development and growth of plants, resulting in major losses of production. A pot experiment was set up to examine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus etunicatum and Glomus versiforme) and salinity on the growth, pigment concentration, biomass and nutrient acquisition of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedlings. Two-month-old pistachio seedlings colonized by G. etunicatum and G. versiforme were irrigated with 0 and 150 mM NaCl solution for 45 days to induce salt stress. The results showed that salt stress significantly reduced mycorrhizal colonization in pistachio seedlings, and G. versiforme was found to be more colonized than G. etunicatum. Mycorrhizal inoculation, especially G. versiforme, had higher plant growth, biomass and pigment content than non-mycorrhizal under control and salt stress treatments. Shoot Na concentrations were lower in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal seedlings under given salinity conditions. Total P, K, N, Ca macronutrients and micronutrients decreased with soil salinity in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings. These nutrients were higher in AM, especially G. versiforme, than in NM seedlings in control and salt stress treatment. The results suggested that mycorrhizal, especially G. versiforme, pistachio plants exhibited greater efficiency in alleviating salt stress, which resulted in better growth. Manuscript profile

Native fish gelatin has some disadvantages such as high hydrophilic, and solubility in cold water. Mixing with other biopolymers and crosslinking by sugars may improve functional properties of fish gelatin. So in this research, the effects of ribose were investigated on moisture sorption isotherm, solubility in water, and mechanical properties of cold water fish gelatin (CWFG) films. Ribose sugar was incorporated into CWFG solutions at different concentrations (e.g. 0, 2, 4, and 6% w/w dried gelatin). Physicochemical properties such as water solubility, moisture sorption isotherm and mechanical properties of the films were measured according to ASTM standards. Results showed that incorporation of ribose sugar significantly improved functional properties of CWFG films. Solubility, moisture content and monolayer water content of the matrixes were decreased by increasing the ribose contents. Mechanical properties of biocomposites were improved more than 20% and moisture sorption isotherm curve significantly shifted to lower moisture contents. The results of this study could be explored for commercial use, depending on industrial needs for either production of edible films or for packaging purposes. Manuscript profile

In this study, an edible film is prepared using Mentha piperita essential oil (MPEO) plasticized by sorbitol and glycerol in cassava starch matrix by the solution intercalation process. The effects of MPEO addition on the color, and antimicrobial activity (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), as well as the barrier properties of active films were investigated. MPEO was incorporated into cassava starch biodegradable films at different level (1- 3%, w/w). A low level of MPEO can obviously increased the water vapor permeability (WVP) of cassava starch/MPEO films. When the MPEO contents varied from 0-3% w/w, the lightness (L*value) decreased from 95.63 to 89.17 while the a* value increased from 0.15 to 0.82. The cassava film showed antimicrobial properties against S. aureus and E.coli by using agar diffusion method. These findings showed that Mentha piperita essential oil has a good potential to be added to cassava to make antimicrobial coating or film for food and non-food packaging. Manuscript profile

Improving food quality, nutritional value and biodegradability are the reasons for developing edible films. Fine-dispersed starch-based nanobiocomposites were provided by adding nanorod-ZnO as fillers to aqueous starch. In this work, the impact of ZnO nanorod (ZnO-N) filler on the barrier properties and UV transmission of biofilms based on rye starch was studied.The solutions containing nanoadditives were homogenized by ultrasound waves and embedded in rye starch at various levels(1 - 5% w/w dried solid). Starch films were prepared by casting method with nanoparticles and plasticizers. Biofilms containing 5% ZnO-N had 0% UV transmittance. Active films were able to absorb Near Infrared spectra. After applying ZnO-N to the bionanocomposite film no new bond has emerged. Regarding barrier characterization,rye starch film with 5% ZnO-N showed better barrier properties than neat films, mainly by the gravimetricmethod,starch films containing 5% ZnO-N andcontrol samples were 1.6±0.02 and 1.18±0.01g/mPah, respectively. Manuscript profile

In this study, a sports drink was prepared with the addition of different concentrations of Spirulina platensis (0.05%, 0.125%, and 0.25% w/w). Spirulina biomass was extracted by ethanol, ethanol/water, and water and added to a sports drink. During storage time (21 days, 4°C), the chemical properties of these drinks such as antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, and total sugar were evaluated. The lowest and highest amount of total sugar also was observed in the control sample, and sports drink containing 0.25% aqueous extract, respectively. After 21 days of storage, total sugar decreased by 40%, 27.25% and 38% for samples containing 0.25% alcoholic, water and hydroalcoholic extracts. The ascorbic acid content of sports drinks was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the treatment sample in the comparison with control sample. Content of ascorbic acid was highest in sports drinks containing 0.25% aqueous extract and decreased (up to 1.3mg/100cc) with storage. The addition of spirulina increased the antioxidant activity of the sports drink. Among the sports drinks containing alcoholic, water and hydroalcoholic extracts, minimum control of free radicals, respectively pertained to the samples containing 0.05% of Spirulina extract (18.31, 23.33 and 22.11) after 21 days of storage. Also, the antioxidant properties of the sports drink samples decreased during storage time. According to the findings of this research, the addition of spirulina extract to sports drinks improves their nutritional and antioxidant characteristics. Manuscript profile

Edible films based on starch are applied for food protection to extend shelf-life of food products. The biodegradability of film compounds was significantly improved by the utilization of biopolymer molecules in comparison to petroleum packaging, and it could be a replacement for synthetic packaging. In the presentation work, the effects of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2-N) were studied on the moisture content, water solubility, moisture uptake, and antimicrobial properties of soluble soy polysaccharide (SSPS) starch/cold water fish gelatin films. The nano titanium dioxide was incorporated into the SSPS starch/cold water fish gelatin dispersion at various levels (1, 2, 3, and 5 w/w% based on SSPS starch). The moisture content of the biofilms decreased from 14.12% to 12.28% and water solubility decreased from 93.18% to 71.46% by the incorporation of 5% TiO2-N into the biopolymer matrix. Increasing TiO2-N from 0 to 5% decreased the moisture uptake, a value of 9.83–6.81 g/g dried film. According to an increased inhibition zone of 1-5% TiO2-N for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from 32.44 to 62.27 mm2 and from 22.15 to 45.17 mm2 respectively, SSPS starch/cold water fish gelatin/TiO2-N films showed antimicrobial characterizations against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In summary, TiO2-N improves the functional properties of SSPS/cold water fish gelatin biofilms and can be applied in the food industry. Manuscript profile